Case - Mohammed Vs. E&Z Electronics Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

- Mohammed Vs. E&Z Electronics - Case Study ExampleArgument Firstly, as Mohammed purchased a wash machine from E&Z Electronics, this means that the parties had a contract of sale between them. In a contract of sale, on that point ar some conditions and warranties that may be express or implied. Express conditions and warranties are expressly and mutually agreed upon by the parties to the contract. Implied conditions and warranties are not expressly agreed upon by the parties scarce are applicable and waste to be complied with because of operation of law or usage in phone line. It is worthy noting that E&Z Electronics is a major distributor and reseller of L&G electronic products in Dubai. Therefore, it is precise safe to assume that as the seller, E&Z Electronics was acting in the course of the business. S 14(2) of sales agreement of Goods Act, 1979 provides that, Where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are of merchantable quality... Also, the defect in the machine was not drawn to the attention to the attention of the buyer nor the buyer could have unveiled the defect through his examination of the machine. Therefore, there is a breach of condition by E&Z Electronics which gives the plaintiff a right to repudiate the contract. ... The defect in the serve machine was as latent to the plaintiff as the snail in the ginger beer bottle in Donoghue v Stevenson. closure The plaintiff must be awarded damages for the injury and loss that he has suffered because of the negligence of E&Z Electronics and the manufacturer. Also, he must be given the right to treat the contract with E&Z Electronics as rescinded and receive his money back which was paid as the purchase price of the washing machine. 2 IN THE HIGH COURT FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA Case No. XXXX Mohammed, Petitioner, vs. E&Z Electronics and XXX (The Manufacturer) Respondents. theme The issue is whether Mohamme d is entitled to a compensation for his injuries and loss from E&Z Electronics and the manufacturer of the faulty washing machine and to a right to repudiate the contract. Facts The plaintiff, Mohammed, purchased a washing machine from one of the defendants, E&Z Electronics. The washing machine had a defective electrical switch due to which it malfunctioned and resulted in significant corporate injuries and property damages to Mohammed. Reasoning There was a contract of sale between E&Z Electronics and there has been a breach of implied condition of merchantability because E&Z Electronics was acting in the course of business and it is reasonably expected of E&Z Electronics to know about such defects in the machinery that they deal with. It is a condition because it goes to the very root of the contract and its breach defeats the whole purpose of the contract. It would have been a stock-purchase warrant if it was just a term collateral to the contract. In this case, the washing mac hine had to be safely usable. Otherwise, there is no purpose of buying the washing machine. E&Z Electronics is also responsible for

Violence in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Violence in Education - Research Paper eccentricThis essay highlights thateducation is a very critical sector in the economy of any commonwealth as it contributes too much in terms of expertise and professional knowledge which can be utilized in various fields for achievement of success and progress. It is also through education that many occupations face by the contemporary society are eradicated for instance poverty and ignorance. Despite its importance, education is faced with numerous challenges that hinder its success in one way or the other for example neglect of adequate resources and facilities, poor management and violence among others.According to the report findingseducation is a very instrumental aspect to every individual, the society, a nation and the world at large. Every person should be authorise to education to the highest possible level with favorable conditions that allows for excellence. This is so because education is a significant building hold on in reg ard to the growth and development of human beings as it acts as a driving issue towards improved living standards and also development through aspects like reduction of poverty, promotion of peace and stability, expediency of health, promotion of gender equality among other aspects. All this is made possible because people get novice when they go through various education systems which instill a lot of knowledge in a wide range of life issues hence helping them in general decision making and problem solving. Education sector is faced with a lot of challenges violence being one of them.

Should thin people have to pay Medicare and other health costs Research Paper

Should thin race have to stick out Medicare and other wellness be - Research Paper ExampleIn this article, Bhattacharya and Sood address the economic costs of obesity to the society. Through various statistics the authors found out that the existing healthcare program caters for the problems of heavy community through the use of funds from natural individuals which should not be the case. Regarding this , the authors arouse that the obese individuals should pay higher(prenominal) premiums to cater for their healthcare problems and to be more cautious with their dietary choices. The immensity of this article to this bibliography is that it brings an economical analytic thinking of the costs of obesity.Bhattacharya, Jay, et al. Does Health Insurance Make You Fat? July 2009 . Web. 17 April 2012. In this article, the authors critically analyze the judgment of healthcare premiums. The authors argue that health insurance tend to make individuals less(prenominal) concerned about their health problems hence increasing cases of obesity. The authors have also indicated that programs such as Medicaid and Medicare miss to address the problem of obesity.... Regarding this , the authors suggest that the obese individuals should pay higher premiums to cater for their healthcare problems and to be more cautious with their dietary choices. The importance of this article to this bibliography is that it brings an economical analysis of the costs of obesity. Bhattacharya, Jay, et al. Does Health Insurance Make You Fat? July 2009 . Web. 17 April 2012. In this article, the authors critically analyze the concept of healthcare premiums. The authors argue that health insurance tend to make individuals less concerned about their health problems hence increasing cases of obesity. The authors have also indicated that programs such as Medicaid and Medicare fail to address the problem of obesity. Moreover, the authors have suggested that a difference in wages in which obese peo ple are paid less will help them to take necessary measures regarding health. This article is important to this annotated bibliography as it addresses the concept of pooled insurance in which obese people benefit unfairly from premiums paid by normal individuals. Bauer, Brad. Higher Premiums for Obese Workers Growing. News and Sentinel, 20 November 2011. Web. 17 April 2012. Bauer is a consultant in insurance-related matters, whose articles on healthcare insurance demonstrate his experience in the field of insurance. In this article, Bauer has highlighted that obese people benefit more from healthcare since they pay equal premiums with normal people. In this article, the author articulates that premiums are being internalized so that the obese individuals can bear the burden that results from costs of catering for their health

Current issues in financial reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Current issues in financial reporting - quiz Example549-586). This paper explains the importance of financial reporting in organization, and gives the reasons for and against capitalising forgiving resources in the financial statements of a company. Discussion Financial reporting entails communication of useful financial information for making credit, investment and separate decisions in business. Reports to the computer memoryholders on quarterly and annual basis, financial statement notes, prospectuses on issuance of security and crude stock, and the external financial statements, like the income statements, stockholders equity statement, cash flow statements and the statements on stock equity. Financial reporting enhances delivery of information to the shareowners and lenders in business it is usually component of the essential squelch between them since they have the right to know the spending of their money and the returning profits (Ballweiser, 2004). In UK, larger-than- life changes in financial reporting are under the Financial Services sector. The Accounting Standards Board, ASB issued exposure drafts that position the proposals for financial reporting in UK. ... The demand for more transparency ensures growth to the interests of an organization in launch to meet such demand constructively. The organization will, therefore, have a strategic value in explicate for the critical performance as well as internal management of the organization communication. This leads to effective parcelling of capital in the organization, and critical in achieving a special attention within the accounting research. primer for Capitalizing Human Resource in UK Human capital forms the main asset in service companies. The conquest of an organization can be rated depending on theemployees and customers they retain (Francis, Lafond, Olsson, & Schipper 2005, p. 295-327). Several studies on human resource bill aim at providing the management of any organization with the traditional financial statements, as well as additional information. The intangible asset from many organizations is more critical than the tangible assets. Intangible assets equal of the success factors needed for maximization of profits and continual survival of the organization. Like human resource, while the intangible assets comprise of the fixed assets like property. The financial information from the financial statements is considered incomplete when they fail to cover and account the human resources. Financial measuring and reporting by businesses in UK enhance the management and evaluation of peoples performance. This ensures greater transparency on value creation through effective policies and practices that benefit stakeholders and the organization at large. The management of people by an organization impacts their performance. The feature of good managerial practices

Computer Forensics in Biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Forensics in Biology - Research Paper ExampleApplication A structured investigation is carried out to salmagundi out what exactly happened to the calculating machine, when it happened, how it happened, and who did it. This is exactly like solving a murder case and performing postmortem. The streetwalker does not know that the evident information is transp arently being created and stored by the computers direct system, which burn down only be extracted through computer forensics software tools and techniques. The crimes include misuse of computer systems, endeavour on computer systems, using a computer system to work against another system, failure of a computer system, and the like. Though, internet identity theft has made people uncertain about shopping and sell online, checking their blaspheme statements online, visiting auction websites, or entering into business contracts or transactions however, computer forensics has vie its part in helping law enforcement ag encies in gathering digital evidence and identifying stolen identities as fountainhead as the criminals involved. Computer forensics earnest solutions focus not only on recovery but in any case on prevention of security threats in order to provide security solutions that are quicker and cheaper than the unoriginal techniques. These solutions include intrusion detection system (IDS), internet security system, biometric security system, net privacy system, firewall set-ups, vane disaster security system, identity theft prevention system, identity management security system, and so on (Vacca 146). Basic Scientific Principles Involved It is important for computer forensic investigators to follow a structured border on to solving computer and internet-based identity theft cases. Computer crime involving ID theft can be sort out as physical security breaches, personnel security breaches, communications and data security breaches, and operations security breaches. A detailed investiga tion of the case requires that every security breach is analyzed independently to bum a more systematic approach towards case solving. The digital examination of ID theft cases requires great expertise at the investigators end. The evidence or data that is collected is the valuable asset and has to be dealt with sensitivity, as it will help in deciding the specifications of the crime. Digital data is so delicate that it can be altered with one mistaken tap on the keyboard or one inadvertent military press of a key. The forensic investigator will have to use some offline techniques in addition to online techniques. Although offline techniques are not the responsibility of a forensic investigator, but of course, he can use them to help himself toward finding the evidential data. He will have to look for any counterfeit documents, fake checks and bogus bank statements in black and white, in addition to looking for digital evidence residing inside the fraudsters computer system.

Seagull steal chips Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seagull steal chips - Essay ExampleHe has become famous due to his tricks indeed earning a nickname, Sam. Surprisingly, there are customers who enjoy his tactics thereby offering to pay for the bags of crisps he steals. This is to enable him continue taking the crisps so that he may always have something to eat (Gunzenhauser and Countryman 33). The cheat attendant says that the bird prefers only a specific kind of crisps which he has perfected his arts on taking. His act amazes both staff and customers hence he has become a celebrated seagull as compared to the others. This paper is a discussion on a superhero like the seagull, Sam.A superhero is a courageous soulfulness who portrays a strong ability and willingness to face the fears of life. Superheroes withstand injustices and take risks for the sake of others. They can rise yet after being beaten down. Sam, the crafty seagull, overwhelmed with hunger, just courageously leaped into the shop one day. He successfully managed to p ounce on a bag of chips without being caught by the shop manager. This act has become a habitual thing hence has got used to picking crisps from the store every time he gets in (Coan, Kroll and Petersen 35).A superhero portrays the quality of selflessness thereby putting more emphasis on the interests of than theirs. Sam is so popular for picking crisps from the store on a casual basis. After risking helping himself on the crisps, he is joined by other seagulls in enjoying the nice and favorite meal. He does not struggle to intrust them away for playing no role in getting it from the shop. In fact, after having his fill, he leaves the remain crisps and waits for the next time to fulfill his routine duty.Superheroes are opportunistic that is, they wait for a chance to apparent and immediately take advantage of it. Sam, the seagull-cum-shoplifter, regularly steals a bag of chips from the shop on a daily basis. He waits for the opening of the shop, ensures the shop attendant is behi nd the counter or has his

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Industry abridgment - Essay ExampleThis resulted in the concept of charging callers for outbound calls and also for receiving calls (Mobile, 2008). In the US, a lot of prison cell phone companies are still able to charge for receiving calls, whereas in Europe this has changed somewhat this shows that strategy grammatical construction has to change in this global industriousness. While some systems of payment are pay-as-you-go where conversation time is purchased and added to a phone unit via an Internet account or in shops or ATMs, other systems are more(prenominal) traditional ones where bills are paid by regular intervals. Pay as you go (also known as pre-pay) accounts were invented simultaneously in Portugal and Italy (Mobile, 2008). Pre-pay accounts are flowingly a major draw in the US, and there is a lot of competition to offer the best service with the most options and coverage. Competition is a force in the general environment, and it is likely the force that is going to impact companies within this industry the most, as it continues to change and erect in the next few years. The nature and degree of competition in an industry hinge on five forces the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of customers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products, and the jockeying among current contestants (Ireland et al., 2006). In this industry, even though barrier costs are high, substitute products are a authentic threat.From the team perspective, the task environment of the cell phone industry is affected by many internal, as well as external, forces. In terms of the relationship of suppliers, If a supplier can either augment the price of its product or reduce the quality2006). This rule holds true for the cell phone industry as well. There is also a particularly strong domestic market in the US with strong and sustained growth. Consumer mobile phone sales in the United States

Performance Appraisal Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Performance Appraisal Paper - Essay ExampleThe dissertation statement of the current reflective paper is to evaluate how the various aspects of human resource management and planning work together to perform that primary function.The contemporary issues in human resource planning and culture are very much different from what it used to be two or three decades back. With so many firms entering the global market, the major objective of HR is the management of cultural diversity as hygienic as ethics of various populations where the firm is seeking business. With the advent of tender technology too, new issues have arsed in the field of HR planning. For instance, information needs to be communicated within a nation or within an organisation. Apart from this, workplace diversity continues to be a major concern for HR managers. In this arena, the primary function of managers is to ensure that no discrimination is done in promoting, hiring or marches procedures and practices (Brewste r, et al., 1996). However, each of these challenges are also opportunities for improving the overall monitoring of performance, safety and health issues as well as turnover management.Globalization has seen a tremendous growth with technological advances. As the cost strength of business is increasing, more and more companies are going global. Thus, new roles of seeing international employees have been added to HR management. The HR managers are realizing that with different religions, races and cultures, work motivation is also changing. As a result, the overall hiring and recruitment process has seen a dramatic change. Today, hiring process does not confide to a persons running(a) capabilities but also his/her capability to work in a diverse environment. With the equal Opportunity (EEO) as well as affirmative action plan, the firing and hiring policy has become more controlled as

Predictiveness and the Level of Processing Research Paper - 1

prognosticativeness and the Level of touch on - Research Paper ExampleM, 27 September 2008). Memory does a very important reflect which is to remember and the same has some vital subdivisions such as attention, encoding, rehearsal and retrieval. It is believed that the durability of the memory depends on the functions of the depth of functioning. Going by this statement it is believed that the deeper the functions of various processes which go on in humans mind, sharpy the memory. Older adults typically experience two main types of difficulty with their memory the first is memory for names, and the due south is memory for details of occurrences. The difficulty with names sometimes generalizes to infrequently used words and to names of objects, only is most evident in names of people. The second difficulty shows itself in forgetting where a possession was left, in the source of newly acquired information, and in telling the same tale (at least) twice (Koriat, Ben-Zur, &Sheffer, 1988).It is extremely important to know intimately the process of remembering because it is closely related to Predictiveness. In this regards the above information is very handy. While information-processing models of human memory have been concerned largely with structural aspects of the system, there is a growing tendency for theorists to focus, rather, on the processes involved in learning and remembering. (Craik, Fergus I. M, 27 September 2008). So there is importance given to the process involved in learning and remembering these days, Predictiveness and the process of remembering go hand in hand, the breathe of the paper will explain the same with the help of apt examples.MethodAn investigate will unaccented all the doubts related to this topic and the result of the try out will provide an in-depth analysis on how Predictiveness make the level of Processing. There are 132 students who are participating in an experiment to determine how Predictiveness affects the level of Processing. Of these 132 students no of female students are 82 with the mean age of 19.8, so the mean age goes to show that the experiment is conducted on young students to get the exact results. The experiment showed a Power-point presentation to the students, the presentation consisted of 40 sentences of which 20 were composed of Predictive sentences and the other 20 were Non- predictive sentences. These 40 sentences shown to the students did not have the last word, in other words the last word each sentence was intentionally left blank. The organizers of the experiment probed the students to see of the missing word. After sometime all the forty sentences were shown with the last word for 2 seconds each. After the experiment the students were asked to take a recognition test and the test consisted of 80 different items. Of these 80 items 20 were Predictive were and 20 were Non- predictive words, the rest 40 were fillers, these fillers were included to get to know the result be tter. The result of this experiment is on the next page and the ambiguities regarding this topic will be settled after looking at the results. ResultsThe

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Employment fairness - Essay ExampleThis paper focuses on the problems faced by a fe virile employee named Jami Jensen in her workplace. She was hire by a big International Firm with numerous offices as well as a huge employee base just solely in the Western Region. It needs to be mentioned in this mise en scene that Jami was a woman of black origin. She was stated to witness certain unwanted attention from few of the male employees who were included in the group of employment selection at the time of her interview.These consequences proved ruining for her as she had to suffer emotional distress on with medical as well as psychiatric help. cozy harassment is explained as the unwanted cozy approaches, calling for any kind of sexual favoritism or even other kind of physical as well as vocal behavior that is sexual in character and which is made towards a particular employee under certain specifically stated situations. It seat be inferred that the sexual harassment was made to Jam i on the base of the compliance or denial towards such a behavior was made to make decisions regarding her promotion.In response to the discrimination and the harassment faced by Jami Jensen, she is considered for tort claims under the state as well as the federal law. The damages that can be claimed by Jami for the civil wrong and sufferings caused to her is back pay where the company needs to provide the salary along with the fringe benefits if any to the employee that was supposed to be earned by that employee during the period of discrimination till the examination date.

Function of 6 Standardized Assessment Tools Utilized with LBD Students Research Paper

Function of 6 standardized judgment Tools Utilized with LBD Students - Research Paper ExampleThis is because good educationists have often been identified with the excerpt and usage of discernment tools that can be classified as valid. By valid sagaciousness tool, quotation is being made to an sagacity tool that achieves the purpose for which it was set out. An assessment tool that is not able-bodied to achieve the purpose for which it was set out is ineffective and as unhelpful as there was no assessment tool in place. This essay thus seeks to examine a number of assessment tools employ with LBD schoolchilds to find how effective they are in the delivery of the functions for which they were set out. The assessment tools shall also be scrutinized in accordance to their diagnostic benefits to student programming and planning utilizing technology. What is Assessment? As mentioned earlier, assessment is an integral disassociate of education. Assessment concerns the practice of finding the effectiveness of an educational system. Assessment withal concerns a series of activities and events. CyberSleuth-Kids (2011) therefore explain that assessment is the process of documenting, often times in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. This means that documentation is an valuable practice in assessment. Observations in measurable phenomenon such as knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs are all documented. ... The Northwestern recognition Health University (2010) also posits that Assessment is an ongoing process of setting high expectations for student learning, measuring establish toward established learning outcomes, and providing a basis for reflection, discussion and feedback to improve University academic programs. This seems to be a broader interpretation that integrates not just what assessment but the reasons for undertaking it and the importance that comes with conducting assessment. The relation this exposition has with the earlier definition is that there should be a set of objectives in place that will be assessed. 6 Assessment Tools used for LBD Students To undertake a successful assessment exercise, it is important to have a collection instrument in place. This mechanism with which assessment is conducted is referred to in the educational cycle as assessment tool. Broadly speaking, assessment tools can be classified as either teacher based or student based. instructor based assessment tools focus on the teacher as the sole assessor. With teacher based assessment tool, the tools are kept and manipulated by the teacher in determining how best or worse the student is performing. Student based assessment tools on the other hand focus on students. Most of these assessment tools are kept by the student. They are used by the student to determine his or her performance. Teachers however have a lot of role to play with student based assessment. This is because the teacher acts as a facilitator, who di rects the student on how to go about the implementation of the assessment tool. The teacher also ensures that the student uses the assessment tool correctly. Both teacher based and student based assessment tools are appropriate for LBD students. This is because with

The Capital Asset Pricing Method (CAPM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 10

The Capital Asset Pricing regularity (CAPM) - Essay ExampleThe present research has identified that the CAPM sample does not wholly explain the returns on investment portfolios. A number of assumptions pose to be identified for CAPM equilibrium to be achieved. The assumptions include the fact that investors must have the same expectations and alike apply similar input list, they also have to maximize their estimated utility of wealth, the investors have to plan for a homogenous holding period, no transaction costs or taxes are incurred, the come in of borrowing equals the rate of lending and that there exists an environment where there is availability of numerous investors each having an endowment of wealth that is olive-sized in comparison to the whole endowment. When the model was developed, a variety of empirical tests were conducted on the model by using proxies and a number showed that the model was unsuitable and inaccurate when predicting the prices of assets and in man y situations did not hold. However, it was subsequently asserted that the model was theoretically probable but was very hard, by using empirical tests to build because stock indexes coupled with other market measures were not adequate proxies for the variables of the CAPM model. The Capital Asset Pricing Method makes use of a variety of assumptions regarding the behavior of the investor and market in order to provide a separate of equilibrium conditions which enable people to estimate the expected return of an asset I compare to its non-diversifiable risk. The model makes use of systematic risk measure in order to facilitate a comparison amidst the assets in consideration and other assets in the market. Theoretically, using the systematic measure of risk it enables managers to calculate their requisite rate of return while also assisting investors to better their portfolios.

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS-Calculate your ecological footprint(1) Assignment

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS-Calculate your bionomic impression(1) command your ecological stride(2)Reflecting on your ecologica - Assignment ExampleThe footprint calculator go out be determined by the daily choices we make as individuals and communities, for example choosing to recycle, or cycling to school instead of driving. Since everything we do has consequences to our planet, we mustiness aim to ensuring that we abbreviate our ecological footprint. I used the global footprint network to calculate my ecological footprint. The main steps used to calculate my ecological ar broken down into four categories ascorbic acid footprint which holds home and transport energy, solid food footprint, housing footprint and goods and services footprint ( Tinsley, 2006). Ecological footprint is calculated in global hect atomic number 18s/ acres. The quiz provides an estimation of the ocean and land that can support licentiousness produced from consumption in the workplace, household, food, go ods and services, housing and energy used in transportation. After taking the quiz, if every person lived the same lifestyle like I do, we would need 4.88 earths to live in. It is apparent that the lifestyle I live, in a small household of two, is very unsustainable, and I should do more towards ensuring sustainability of planet earth for watercourse and future generations to be able to enjoy ecosystem goods and services like I do. ... Part two tally to estimations, in order for all organisms to survive in this planet we each need an ecological footprint of 0.8. An ecological footprint of 4.88 is very unsustainable since we only have one planet. Developed countries have larger coulomb footprints compared to less developed countries, which are growing. Promotion of western civilization lifestyles, such as excess shopping, will lead to an increase in the ecological footprint. As discussed earlier, small lifestyle changes can go a long way to ensuring we make a big impact. One of t he changes include buying locally produced food and less package foods sold in stores and supermarkets, like I currently do, to reduce the footprint. In baptismal font it is necessary to buy packaged food, then the packaging should be recyclable and of lesser quality. It is necessary to reduce the waste produced by the household by purchasing only goods needed for short periods of time, mostly a week to reduce wastage. A good example is buying goods in bulk which is usually packaged in cans and bottles, which are not degradable, and lead to pollution of the earth. Other steps to reducing my footprint include drinking tap water which is safe to drink instead of bottled water, reducing meat consumption, because the more animals are grazed to meet meat consumption, the more methane gas is released, which is a green house gas. Buying foods that are in season is good because purchasing out of season fruits and vegetables means that they have been flown in from separate countries, whic h increases my speed of light footprint. I should change the activities I engage in during my spare time to reduce my carbon footprint such as restaurants and saunas. The housing footprint is a step used in

Comparison of Theoretical Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparison of Theoretical Approaches - Essay Examplee the essential differences between the four approaches to global governance as depicted in both Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 of Kelly-Kate Peases book world-wide Organizations.With all honesty, Realism focuses on the security of countries and power above everything else. Realism, with an objective of enhancing conflict resolutions, establishes an international governing body that would guarantee maximum security for every verdant that cooperates with another one. At the same time, any kingdom that declares war should do so based on self-interest, as opposed to idealism. To promote a given over society, individuals should learn the policies that govern the conduct of such a society. In this case, Realism should also enhance policies that would make for rational theory that promote objective laws in a given country. Realism exists to monitor the behavior of given countries, interpret the power of countries, and coordinate the princ iples of the international system.Moreover, Liberalism acts as a mainstream approach that promotes the behavior of country by focusing on its preferences, as opposed to its capabilities. In this case, Liberalism paves a way for the plurality of a countrys actions in the international system. However, such preferences may vary from country to country ascribable to some difference in economic conditions, environmental factors, and nature of governments. Pease (2006, p59) states that Liberalism abolishes anarchic international system by promoting a variety of opportunities for cooperating and other levels of power. Surely, the theory enhances peace between international organizations through organizational mutuality and cooperation.Besides, Marxism rarely focuses on material and economic aspects of the international system. Instead, the theory describes the international system as interconnected capitalist system with an objective of accumulating capital. Believers of the theory sug gest that globalized capitalism enriches organizations in developed

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Economic - shew Example(Travel classes, 2009)It is important to understand the concepts of one- expense polity and variable-price policy. One-price policy is when the selfsame(prenominal) price is fixed for the product by the seller, irrespective of who the consumer is. Variable-price policy is one whereby, seller sells the same product at varying prices to different customers. large manufacturers and big retailer usu all(prenominal)y follow one-price policy. On the other hand, small-scale manufacturers and small retailers follow variable-price policy. Variable-price policy is said to be prejudicial about the credibility and prestige of the customers. (R. D. Agarwal, p. 410, 1983)The concept of contribution pricing is relevant here. Contribution pricing is the setting of prices based on the principle that as long as an spot is sold for to a greater extent than the variable cost, it is making a contribution towards the overheads of the business. This notion may lead a firm toward s one of two approaches to pricing price distinction and loss leaders. In case of Eurostar, price distinction is relevant.Price discrimination occurs when different prices are charged to different people for what is essentially the same product. This is done in order to maximize revenue by charging more to those that can afford, and are spontaneous to pay more. Price discrimination is a response to the recognition that different types of people may confirm different price elasticities of demand for a product. For instance, people under 16 years of age experience high-price entrance to cinemas and football grounds in many parts of the world. This is because the owners know that high prices will spread out their demand substantially. In this case, as in all considerations of price discrimination, it is essential that there should be the minimum of crossover between market segments. In other words, if many adults could get in for half-price, the point of the discrimination woul d be lost.It is important to remember that price discrimination is when a firm sells the same product or service at varying process to different customers. This also applies to off-peak and on-peak telephone calls or train fares. Perfect price discrimination occurs when all the consumers are charged a different price, whereby the entire consumer surplus has been taken over by the business.For an understanding of the concept of consumer surplus, it is important to understand that a consumer good will be valued more highly by some consumers than by others. Yet they all pay the same price for it when invariant pricing policy is being applied. Some consumers would be willing to pay a price higher than the actual market price. The term consumer surplus refers to the value of the excess satisfaction which these customers get from the item, over and preceding(prenominal) what they have had to pay for it. The consumer surplus is shown on a supply and demand diagram by the trilateral enc losed by the demand curve and the price line. The demand curve shows how consumers value the product and all those who are prepared to pay at a higher price get some extra satisfaction. Source Tutor2uFor price discriminatory pricing, it is important that there be barriers for prevention of

Situation Awareness Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Situation Awareness - Case Study ExampleSituation awareness is level off more critical, yet more difficult for military pilots because apart from the normal hazards of flight and navigation, they must in addition be aware of friendly and enemy aircraft as a result, they are required to be familiar(predicate) with and aware of a greater number of elements in their surrounding environment. As Endsley (1999) points out, pilots are not just now required to know how to operate the aircraft and the proper procedures and rules for flight, they must also have an accurate and up-to-date get wind of the surrounding environment.The research article by Banbury et al (2007) deals with internet site awareness specifically from the perspective of how prepare can be a tool to reduce the incidence of mishaps caused by problems with situation awareness. The objective of this vignette was to examine whether the safety and efficiency of flight operations could be improved through training in sit uation awareness using a high fidelity simulator environment. ... On the basis of the literature review, the aid stage examined incident and accident reports to determine the extent to which situation awareness was contributing to mishaps. During the third phase, the SA skills were decomposed into their profound competencies, such as knowledge, skills and attitudes which were set aside as potential candidates for training. During the fourth and final stage of the project, a specialized training solution was developed around these concepts, the objective being to examine the effectiveness of the ESSAI program. The applicable factors in the SA questionnaire have been set out clearly, and they also identify the existing lacunae in the research, i.e, existing measures of situation awareness focus on measuring it in terms of product (participant awareness) rather than process, or the processes involved in situation awareness that produce a representation in memory. This identified the take in for an effective diagnostic measure, and the study carried out an exhaustive search using laboratory and field found sources. The study also shows effective testing for bias, because a pilot questionnaire was administered. The article therefore builds upon the research findings from other(a) people and carried it further. The ESSAI program was evaluated using simulator training sessions and the Simulation Awareness Rating technique, a subjective estimate measure that is used to assess operator knowledge in three areas demands being made on attentional resources, the supply of those resources and an understanding of the situation. The choice of the rating tool was also a good iodine - the Factors Affecting Situation Awareness scale, containing five sub-scales, was used to measure how susceptible the

Theory and practices of negotiation Essay Example for Free

Theory and practices of dialog EssayDefinition When you hear the word negotiation, what comes outgrowth to mind? Negotiation is almost always an completelyday transaction being dealt with by each and every one of us. Indeed, how often do you negotiate often, seldom, or never? Everything in life is negotiated, under all conditions, at all times from asking your parents to bring you to the shopping malls to take out the morning food waste to driving in the express lane in rush-hour traffic, from determining what time to schedule an appointment with a client to deciding which tv show to watch with your familyto some extent, every facet of life is cogitate with ones using of negotiation. Negotiation occurs whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships or whenever they add for agreement. Another definition expanding slightly the above meaning of negotiation is to note that negotiation is conducted neither to run nor to breach the relationship, b ut to form a new or different configuration. In short, most of us are constantly involved in negotiations to one degree or another for a bully part of any given day. Negotiation should be considered as a positive way of structuring the conference process.It is usually more than helpful in ones work environment and in stop deals with new clients or prospects. Win-win negotiation skills are assets to a company especially if you result be in-charge of merchandising new and pioneer products to the market. Effective negotiation helps you to resolve situations where what you fate conflicts with what someone else wants. The aim of win-win negotiation is to mystify a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that theyve won, in some way, after the event. Preparing for a successful negotiationDepending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation. For small disagreements, excessive prep aration sens be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other somebodys. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Using our cease worksheet, think through the following points before you start negotiatingGoals what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other psyche wants? Trades What do you and the other person have that you can concern? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away? Alternatives if you acquiret reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or distressing? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement release you out of future opportunities? And what alternatives might the other person have?Relationships what is the floor of the relationship? Could or should this history impact the negotiation? Will in that respect be any hidden issues that may influence the negotiation? How will you handle these? Expected outcomes what outcome will people be expecting from this negotiation? What has the outcome been in the past, and what precedents have been set? The consequences what are the consequences for you of winning or losing this negotiation? What are the consequences for the other person? role who has what power in the relationship? Who controls resources? Who stands to lose the most if agreement isnt reached? What power does the other person have to deliver what you hope for? Possible solutions based on all of the considerations, what possible compromises might there be? Negotiating successfully The negotiation itself is a careful exploration of your position and the other persons position, with the goal of finding a mutually acceptable compromise that gives you both as much of what you want as possible.P eoples positions are rarely as fundamentally opposed as they may initially protrude the other person may have very different goals from the ones you expect In an ideal situation, you will find that the other person wants what you are prepared to trade, and that you are prepared to give what the other person wants. If this is not the case and one person must give way, then it is fair for this person to assay to negotiate some form of compensation for doing so the scale of this compensation will often opine on the many of the factors we discussed above.Ultimately, both sides should feel comfortable with the final solution if the agreement is to be considered win-win. provided consider win-lose negotiation if you dont need to have an ongoing relationship with the other party as, having lost, they are improbable to want to work with you again. Equally, you should expect that if they need to fulfill some part of a deal in which you have won, they may be uncooperative and legalisti c about the way they do this.

The Historical Cost Convention Essay Example for Free

The diachronic Cost Convention EssayThe historical bell convention used in historical be accounting, records transaction at the monetary value at the date of transaction (i.e. their historical cost). An asset or liability being measured using the historical cost basis is recognized initially at transaction cost. This convention is used as a basis to prepargon financial statements. In the income statement, revenues and expenses are recorded at the monetary value shown on the invoice. Historical cost accounting (HCA) might be the most suitable convention for stewardship purposes but may not be the most suitable for finale usefulness. This view has been apparent in the UK, with attempts to introduce supplementary accounts based on the current purchasing personnel (CPP) convention and the current cost convention (CCA). Neither of these alternatives was adopted after their initial trial.The HCA depends on disparagement policy and inventory valuation therefore it is subjective. S uch a characterization tends to assume, however, that all historical cost measures are transaction-based and involve little estimation, which is not the case. For example, adjustments made to the historical cost carrying value of trade receivables to desex allowance for bad and doubtful debts involve a degree of estimation that is not dissimilar to that tortuous in estimating current values not derived from an active market. And the results are often of broadly similar reliability. thither is a similar level of estimation involved in determining the cost of self-generated assets and by-products, and generally in all circumstances involving allocations of substantial amounts of indirect costs.

Nursing Theorist Essay Example for Free

nurse theoriser EssayFormulate 3 lot for diagnoses utilize the Problem, Etiology, and Signs and Symptoms (PES) format and the taxonomy of NANDA. The diagnoses must be based on the case study, be appropriate, be prioritized, and be formatted correctly.For each nursing diagnosis, state 2 desired outcomes using NOC criteria. sought after outcomes must be enduring-centered and measurable within an identified timeframe.For each outcome, state 2 nursing interventions using NIC criteria as well(p) as 1 evaluation method. Interventions and the evaluation method must be appropriate to the desired outcomes. Provide rationale for each nursing diagnosis, and explain how PES, NANDA, NOC, and NIC apply to each diagnosis. persona a minimum of 3 peer-reviewed resources, and create an APA formatted reference page.Nursing diagnosing 1 urinary remembering R/T AnesthesiaNursing InterventionsDesired Outcome 1Desired Outcome 2Nursing Intervention Visually inspect and palpate lower abdomen for distention (Mosby 2012).Patients abdominal girth result non increase and distention will decrease. Patient will go along free of abdominal torture r/t urinary retention. Nursing Intervention 2 Urinary Catheterization (Mosby 2012) Patient will empty bladder 30ml an hourPatient will demonstrate clean proficiency if performing self-catheterization. Evaluation methodMeasure input and output hourly to obtain accurate measurements. unclutter sure catheter is free of kinks to suffer for proper drainage RationaleKeeping accurate records of I/O will ensure that the long-suffering is evacuating properly. Ensuring patient is free of pain will put up less fear and keep racy signs within range. Educating patient on clean technique will promote an surroundings with less bacteria and keep risk of transmission system lower.Nursing Diagnosis 2 Risk for infection/RT Urinary CatheterDesired Outcome 1Desired Outcome 2Nursing Intervention 1 Infection ControlPatient remains free of infectio n, as evidenced by normal vital signs, and absence of purulent drainage from wounds, incisions, and tubes (Mosby 2012). Infection is recognized early to allow for prompt treatment (Mosby 2012). Nursing Intervention 2 Infection ProtectionTeach patient to wash hands often, especially afterwards toileting, before meals, and before and after administering self- interest (Mosby 2012). Teach patient importance of eating well balanced meals to promote healthy nutritional status. Evaluation methodEvaluate patient perform self-care as to promote supercharge education. Allow patient to verbalize and demonstrate understanding of proper nutrition andsigns of infection. RationalePatients with indwelling catheters accept to be shown clean techniques when being discharged home. Educating patient on proper hand washing will promote clean environment and keep patients risk of infection lower. Educating patient on the early signs of infection will promote prompt medical intervention. Educating pat ient on proper nutrition and importance of well balanced meals will promote faster healing of incision and lower patients risk of infection.Nursing Diagnosis 3 Pain R/T Postoperative painDesired Outcome 1Desired Outcome 2Nursing Intervention 1Anticipate need for pain relief (Mosby 2012)Anticipating pain may result in medicating at a lower dose to keep patient well-provided. Maintaining a level of comfort where the patient is not begging for relief. Keeping vital signs stable while maintaining the patient comfortable. Nursing Intervention 2Respond immediately to complaint of pain (Mosby 2011)Creates a trusting alliance with patient to ensure open lines of communication. Allows the patient to know that you are empathetic to their discomfort and that they are not alone. Evaluation methodEvaluate scheduled times of medical specialty administration. Round hourly on the patient as to reassure the patient that their needs will be met. Educate patient on medication administration time so they are not waiting until their pain is at a level 8 before they ask for relief. Evaluate the responses from the patient as to ensure that they are feeling comfortable with the care. RationaleAnticipating pain will allow the nurse to be on time for the patient in pain. Creating that trusting relationship with the patient will allow open lines of communication with the patient which will in turn allow for better care and outcome. Educating a patient on when to ask for medication will ensure that the patient never reaches a level of extreme pain. Treating your patient with compassion and empathy will allow for the patient to feel satisfied with the care they are receiving and create a trusting relationship.ReferenceSwearingen, P. L. (2012). All-in-one care planning resource medical-surgical, pediatric,maternity, psychiatric nursing care plans (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PAElsevier/Mosby.Gulanick, M. (2011). Nursing care plans diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes (7thed.). St. Louis, Mo. Elsevier Mosby.Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F. (2002). Nursing care plans guidelines forindividualizing patient care (6th ed.). Philadelphia F.A. Davis.

Advertising Strategies Essay Example for Free

Advertising Strategies EssayAdvertising StrategiesAdvertising is subprogramd as a center to attract the buyer to follow a brand. There are many different advertizement techniques that back tooth be used depending on the demographics of the tooshie market. As a 14-year-old, marketers have to understand what people my geezerhood desire when it comes to advertising. For an advertisement to be useful for my age group, it needs to appeal to the audience. There are three main signs of advertising used for people my accept age, and they are famous person power, lots of action, and the use of hypnotic women. Celebrity power is one effective form of advertising used for young teenagers. Because of the stage of livelihood that I am currently at, I tend to look up to people who are famous. around teenagers like to idolize musicians, sports players, and film stars. I am no different in this manner because I do associate myself with my favorite celebrities and try and follow th em. If one of my idols is advertising a product, then I am more likely to pay that product some attention. I think that if my favorite laurels is endorsing a product, then to be a true fan I should start buying that brand. This type of advertising is one of the oldest in the book, but it is also very effective for young people who are searching for an identity.Advertisements that have lots of action are also very popular with my age group. As a teenage boy, I enjoy watching television with great action scenes. This could either be a fight scene or a car chase. Marketers know that people my age like to see lots of action because it gets the adrenaline pumping. I am no different in that I enjoy watching advertisements that include a lot of action. There does not have to be overmuch dialogue or any key message, just the inclusion of action appeals to young boys my age. Unlike the use of celebrities, using action sequences is a type of advertising that only works with males, particula rly those around my own age.The third type of advertising that is effective for my age group is the use of put forwardy women. The saying that sex sells is a well-known one and it has been used ever since advertising first existed. The use of a picturesque lady nates set something going inside of teenage boys that make them take notice of theadvertisement. Scantily-clad women whitethorn be offensive to young females, but to guys like me it can make all the difference when it comes to advertising. I think that the use of attractive women will continue to be used by marketers because they know that it is an effective strategy and plenty of young men will approve of it.We are all bombarded by advertising every single day of our lives because marketers know the opportunities that it can bring. More than this, they also know that advertising can be extremely effective when trying to sell a product or service. For young boys of my age, this is no different. The advertising techniques u sed to attract people my age can be different from other target markets. The three main advertising strategies that are used to target someone like me are the celebrity factor, action sequences, and the inclusion of attractive young women.

Conceptual Framework Essay Example for Free

Conceptual Frame mildew EssayThe crossing of sexualitys has been a overleap that society has stumbled to accept since the beginning of time. Early hypotheses about the so-called cause of homosexuality originated from the psychodynamic office that custody became gay because of a dysfunctional family system in which they were emotionally enmeshed with their mothers and had a distant consanguinity with their father.As a result, the thought of changing ones sex immediately becomes a basic of criticism, disdain the psychological effect it could mystify on the individual. Yet, Imani, a man who lives life story as a woman, mastery broad(a)y copes with work, intimate relationships, family and peer relationships, and has developed a positive assessment of self-importance. Imani is a resilient, creative, and resourceful individual, who has thrash societal myths that a transgender nates non function normally in society.Thus, this essay will attempt to outline Imanis life journe y and compare it to Hutchinsons (2008) common risk and restrictive factors, while revealing how she copes with in-person and professional relationships according to Werner and Smith (2001) ratings of the quality of adult adaptation and what she attributes her success. Six Criteria of Coping Understanding and move with cultural differences becomes crucial when attempting to come out about gender or sexual individualism. Social constructionist perspective suggests that sexual orientation course unfolds within a context of environmental or social influences (Morrow Messinger, 2006, pp. 61).Growing up poverty stricken, Imani learned to cope at an archean age. The eldest of six, Imani grew up without a positive manthe likes of role model and poor, while dealing with sexual desires for the same sex. I use to pretend like I was attracted to girls because that was the normal thing, but since I was twelve, I had sexual desires for other boys (Imani, private communication, February 6 2009). Therefore, recognizing her gender identity at an aboriginal age, but able to cope with the stigmas of society involved Imanis might to reconcile competing demands from the dominant society.In addition, feelings for the opposite sex thwarted Imani from forming peer groups at an early lay out in her life. Many gay men do not accomplish normal development tasks of adolescence, such(prenominal) as forming a peer grouptherefore, when experiencing some of the emotionality of teenagers as adults in their twenties or older, there is dissonance between chronological age and developmental tasks they may be struggling with (Mallon, 2008, pp. 150). Normally, this would have had an unfavorable effect, but, it had a favorable effect on Imanis life. For exemplification, Imani is a leader in the lesbian, gay, sissified and transgender (LGBT) community.She mentors young individuals that are dealing with gender identity issues. Imani has also been in a long marge intimate relationship for fifteen years which induces her happiness. When I was growing up, being gay was taboo, but, today you can speak out about who you are and feel comfortable, so Im taking full advantage of every opportunity and helping others who may feel isolated as well (Imani, face-to-face communication, February 6, 2009). Even in analyzing her relationship with her siblings, Imani is respected and accepted wholeheartedly by her entire family. This could be attributed to both major reasons.Firstly, Imani was a defiant child, but, she also helped rear her brothers and sisters, which established a sense of respect from them early on. She also was defiant and never conformed to the norm when instructed to complete a task. For example, if her mother instructed her to go right, she would go left. Secondly, strange people in a cohort group born in the eighties, which are more sensation to come out sooner rather than later, Imani made her decision to transform at age thirty-eight. approach path o ut is a critical issue in the process of identifying, some people do not go through this process early in life (Kane-DeMaios Bullough, 2006, pp. 10).For this reason, when Imani revealed her decision to become a woman, she mayhap displayed a defiant attitude, not to mention that her mother was supportive of her decision, likely instilled strength, support and understanding from her siblings as well. As a result, Imani shares a strong and supportive bond with her brother and sisters. Although Imani has been resilient in gaining betrothal from peers and family, her professional success is equally astonishing. Imanis was employed with Phillip Morris, Inc, when she decided to transform.However, her employers were not accepting of her identity change, so, they increase her workload and refused to give her a stable schedule. To combat this deliberate injustice, she filed a grievance, several weeks later she was set(p) off. Werner and Smith (2001) noted that one of the main qualities of a dult adaptation is work. The individual is employed and satisfied with work (pp. 36). My former job was horrible at accepting me for who I was, so I decided to light upon a move and find employment elsewhere where the people would make me feel comfortable and I would enjoy what I was doing. (Imani, personal communication, February 6, 2009).Imani is now gainfully employed as a supervisor with a prominent Medicaid service provider. Imani states, Theres good energy at work. My colleagues respect me to the upmost and I enjoy helping clients. Clearly, Imanis ability to get past the ridicule of a former employee and successfully find employment without becoming discouraged about her gender identity is another emphasis of her resiliency. However, Imani contributes her success to having the courage to live as a transgender to education.Enrolling in VCUs fine art program during the 70s broadened my mindset about the world around me and myself, which has helped me become who I am today (Ima ni, personal communication, February 6, 2009). Without question, academia can enhance an individuals perception about the world around them, but, the supposition of accommodation is an important one in understanding the adaptation of transgender people (American, 2009, 3). Consequently, with Imani having the accommodation of a decision knit, supportive family and long term partner has definitely added to her success.Therefore, it is should be pointed out that some risk and protective factors are inherent in the nature of resilient people. Risk and Protective Factors Werner and Smith (2001) noted that nonethe slight in infancy there was something different about the high-risk children who never developed serious problems. They were active, affectionate, winsome infants, alert and autonomous toddlers. One protective factor associated with Imanis success was her development of advanced self help skills, which she acquired early in her life course.For instance, Imani learned early to cope with gender identity issues, despite being reared during a time when homosexuality and cross dressing were deemed taboo. In addition, coping with putting her childhood on hold while helping her mother take care of her siblings, Imani developed an identity of a leader. Evidently, this created strength of mind, which more than likely had an influence on the way Imani set out to accomplish goals or agendas. People who are hete rosinessxual in orientation do not have to ponder on how to develop a heterosexual identity.In contrast, transgender people have as their task the development of an identity that runs counter to the heterocentric culture in which they are socialized. They must come to terms with having a sexual orientation that is socially ridiculed, and they must formulate a sense of identity as a transgender person (Morrow Messinger 2006, pp. 85). Although Imanis early development of advanced self-help skills has played a pivotal role in her success during her life c ourse, she still faced the risk factor of growing up in poverty.Coincidentally, this did not have a negative effect on her schooling or personal accomplishments. Hutchison (2008) suggest, poverty alone is such(prenominal) less of a risk than extended poverty. Imanis life serves as a perfect example for this suggestion. For example, Imani did not continue the family trend of living in poverty. Determined to set the pace for the rest f her siblings, she rose above the line of poverty in her early twenties. She graduated from high school and successfully obtained a college degree.One could raise the question, if her role as the older sibling, which induced a sense of responsibility, while stressful to understand her identity issues, kept her from being vulnerable to the risk of falling off track, because she was preoccupied with the task of taking care of her brother and sisters, rather than the poverty situation in front of her. Undoubtedly, it is apparent that Imanis deprivations g rowing up did not lead to a trajectory of failure. Hutchison (2008) points out that positive impact of historic events can reverse disadvantages in a persons life trajectories.Therefore, being torn between the role of patriarch and matriarch at an early age, clearly, had a positive effect on Imanis life. Conclusively, Imanis life has been filled with many extenuating effects of internal oppression at an early age, which she was able to overcome at a later stage in her life cycle. The major round point in her life was enrolling in college which has made her a resilient, creative, and resourceful individual who possess much strength. Yet, born during a time when social reform was at its peak, Imani serves as a perfect example of resiliency, success and normalcy.

Peace Essay Example for Free

Peace EssayPeace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, field pansy likewise suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed inter private or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. Etymology edit From the Latin pax, meaning freedom from civil disorder, the English sacred scripture came into use in various personal accosts from c. three hundred as a translation of the Hebrew shalom. Such a translation is, however, imprecise, as shalom, which is likewise cognate with the Arabic salaam, has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness. citation needed At a personal level, peaceful behaviors are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others beliefs and behaviors tending to manifest goodwill.This latter understanding of peace can as well pertain to an individuals introspective sense or c oncept of her/himself, as in being at peace in ones induce mind, as found in European references from c. 1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of quiet, reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that avoid quarreling and seek tranquility an absence of disturbance or agitation.In many languages the word for peace is also used a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word Aloha, as well as the Arabic word salaam. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrase Rest In Peace. Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all pang ends. They regard all suffering as stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), or delusions. To e liminate such suffering and achieve ersonal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam instrument submission. Muslim, etymologically directly related to salaam and the name Islam, means a person who submits to Allah in salaam. citation needed Submission to Allah is based on humility. An attitude of humility within ones own self cannot be accomplished without total rejection of violence, and a personal attitude and alignment toward peace.

Thomas Wyatt My Galley Essay Example for Free

Thomas Wyatt My Galley EssayIt is a commit struggling during a terrible storm at sea, a metaphor for depression a creative thinker struggling to right itself. The imagery is incredible, and its a beautifully written sonnet. Rhyme scheme is ABBA ACCA turn FF. iodine analysis I read (linked below) said this poem was about a man who had spurned divinity, and this battery at sea was the consequence (beca drop, of course, God controls the sea and the weather). It also said the author was contemplating self-annihilation as the only way out of this misery. The word choices be violent and emotional frosty seas tap enemy steereth with cruelness rain of tears cloud of dark disdain despairing of the port One line (every oar a thought in readiness) is beautiful to me because of the way the analysis below described it That the author was trying to think his way out of this turmoil, like oars trying to right the ship, and withal he could not. Anyone who has ever been depressed or e xperienced hopelessness knows that trying to get oneself out of it exploitation logical thought is useless.The end of the poem indicates that the author doesnt even return why hes experiencing this trauma, and also that he has no guide (like the stars) for getting him to safety. My galley charged with forgetfulness Through sharp seas in pass nights doth pass Twene rock and rock and eke mine enemy, alas That is my lord, steerth with cruelness And every oar a thought in readiness As though that end were light in much(prenominal) a case An endless wind doth tear the sail promptly Of forced sighs and trusty fearfulness A rain of tears, a cloud of dark disdainHath make the wearied cords great check-out procedure Wreathed with error and eke with ignorance. The stars be hid that take me to this pain, Drowned is reason that should me comfort, And I remain despairing of the port. . Wyatt is talking about despair, and likely means religious despair (the sin of losing your faith in G od). He uses the common metaphor of a ship in trouble at sea (remember that England is a seafaring island nation, so a bewildered ship is a powerful metaphor for the English). My galley charged with forgetfulness Thorough sharp seas in winter nights doth passTwene rock and rock Wyatts ship his life is weighed down charged with forgetfulness he cannot remember what the point of life is, he cannot remember what it feels like to know God it is adrift on a stormy sea, at night, between rocks (and is therefore in great danger). and eke mine enemy, alas That is my lord, steerth with cruelness Wyatt feels that God is master of the ship, and that God has deliberately withdrawn Himself from Wyatt God is steering the ship cruelly (God is deliberately hurting Wyatt) and has become Wyatts enemy, as well as world his Lord.And every oar a thought in readiness As though that death were light in such a case A navigation ship which can no longer intrust on the wind (when there is no wind, or the wind is blowing the wrong way) will sometimes use oars as an emergency solution. Wyatt is trying to think himself out of his despair (using the oars of his thought), but he is in such despair that when he thinks he only thinks of suicide as an escape from his misery (as though that death were light as if death was not a problem). An endless wind doth tear the sail apaceOf forced sighs and trusty fearfulness A rain of tears, a cloud of dark disdain Hath done the wearied cords great hindrance Wreathed with error and eke with ignorance. Wyatt thinks of his own moaning and tears (because he is so unhappy) as the winds that are driving his ship toward the rocks (of suicide). His tears are the rain beating on the ship, and his despair and lethargy are loosening the rigging which holds the sails in place (heavy rain could loosen rigging on a sailing ship then the sails would become loose, and a bad problem would become much worse)The stars be hid that led me to this pain, Drowned is reas on that should me comfort, And I remain despairing of the port. Wyatt says he cannot see the stars (he cannot remember the reasons that once led him to imagine in God), so his sauceboat does not know where it is going to (at night a sailing boat travels by reference to the stars). Reason (Wyatts ability to understand the world he lives in) is drowned (dead the world makes no sensation to Wyatt now). And Wyatt just cant see the way out of this. The poem leaves us unsatisfied, confused, directionless like Wyatt is.

John Watson and B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

John Watson and B.F. mule driver EssayThere are some(prenominal) theories out there on child development, but Id like to share with you the possible action that I believe in and connect with the most. This theory is called Behaviorism and Social- Learning and can be attributed to a psychologist named John Watson (1878-1958) and B.F. mule driver (1904-1990) Watson using classical conditioning which means the learning that takes place based on an association of a stimulant that does non ordinarily elicit a answer with a nonher stimulus that does elicit response. It is important to note that in classical conditioning, the stimulus comes before the behavior or response. Skinner using operant conditioning which is defined as a process in which a response is gradually intimate via bread and butter or punishment. John Watson and B.F. Skinner introduced this theory and felt that children learned by a system of stimulus/ response events. Watson and Skinner use nurture approach. Development is based upon learned behaviors which are based upon a childs interactions with their environment and influenced by unequivocal or negative reinforcement. Reinforcement can be both positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is something good for children, whereas negative reinforcement is something unpleasant, but remember this is not to be confused with punishment. One knows there are some drawbacks is that it does not account for childrens culture, their values, and their social influences such as the special relationship between them and their parent or peers. Social learning theory addresses these concerns. As child growing up with my brother my parents usedpositive and negative reinforcement. When we did not beat a passing chassis we would have to stay inside and course extra hard to pass the next test, or if the gave credit. But if we received a passing grade we would be rewarded by going out to dinner of our choice or postulateting ice cream. If we did ch ores or so the house we had a choice between the plundering or money. If we did not complete the chore we would not receive anything. Most of the time when we did not complete the chore we would get upset, so my parents would explain that when you do a chore you get rewarded, but if you do not do your chores you will not receive anything.I use Behaviorism and Social Learning theory while working with children. If the child had a good day at school I would give them something from the prize box when someone came to get them from school. When they did not have a good day at school and they receive nothing from the prize box, and when someone come to get them I would explain why happened at school, and that is why the child coin bank receive anything from the prize box today.I am not a parent yet, but when I do become a parent I will be use John Watson and B.F. Skinner theory in teaching my children.

Base Camp Essay Example for Free

bandstand camp out EssayExpeditions to Mount Everest will totally be exhilarating beyond description, in a sense. E real climber, Sir Edmund Hillary to Jon Krakauer to all the climbers he met during his expedition, to bothvirtuoso else who have climbed, are climbing and will climb will be outstanding characters of that adventure into thin air thus, moving from a life altering Everest experience to unspeakable awakenings and revelations about themselves and their life thereafter. It is Dr. Seaborn Beck lasts that the story told in Into Thin Air that will be most notable. He is a wealthy doctor from Texas and has been committed and determined to climb Mt. Everest. Dr. Weathers and Jon Krakauer were teammates with the team of cop Hall. During the initial days of the expedition, Jon does not know Dr. Weathers much. It was only the most unexpected and miraculous turn of events that Jon about Dr. Weathers. A one dramatic turn of the story of Into Thin Air was when Jon, upon th eir descending the summit after their successful check of its 29,028 ft on May 10, 1996. One of Rob Halls rule is that their turnaround clip was 2 p.m. Whoever has not reached the peak must just give it up at exactly 2 p. m. no matter how close anyone else is. Dr. Weathers did not make it. And when Jon reached the Balcony, a part of the route, he saw Dr. Weathers alone. Dr. Weathers was repulsively cold and shaking and shivering. Dr. Weathers developed a bad sightedness during the Mr. Everest Climb. Apparently, he had radial keratotomy to correct his pot years before the expedition. Due to the low barometric pressure of the heights of the mountains, his vision became blurred.Dr.Weathers kept the discipline and what he is undergoing at that time from Rob Hall and the rest of the team. He was already nearly cover when they initially left their Base Camp. It is because of his deep determination and profound passion for climbing and his intention to puddle well in a team that h e forced his way through the expedition. Dr. Weathers hoped that when daylight comes, his eyesight will be a little bit better. During the ascent of the team of Rob Hall, Dr. Weathers really walked very close to the next person in front of him without any complaints.When he could no longer weather the discomfort and knowing that he would pose more of a danger than good to his team, he admitted to Rob Hall about his condition. Then and there, Rob Hall decided that Dr. Weathers will not continue and he will be accompanied by a Sherpas to return to Base Camp. Inspite of the confidence of Dr. Weathers, Hall insisted Dr. Weathers sojourn put and to wait for the team Thus Dr. Weathers waited until Jon saw him and after a long wait, a make it gets Dr. Weathers to descend. But the weather became terribly bad. Blizzard and snow pellets abound.As it turned out, the more the vision of Dr. Weathers gone to worse. He was practically stepping into thin air as they walked down Mr. Everest. And it was at the atomic number 16 Col part of the mountain that a hurricane fully developed totally devastated the team ascending Dr. Weathers included. on that point were teams that were sent to rescue. But no effort was made to rescue Dr. Weathers as they considered him dead. The night passed and surely Dr. Weathers was without any oxygen and unconscious. He was comatose for 12 hours. But lo and behold, Dr.Weathers regained consciousness and made his way to Base Camp all with the worst frost bites ever treated by doctors in the camp. Jons encounter and narration of the incident on Dr. Weathers left very indelible meaning for him. Jon says in Into Thin Air Its an unconvincing tale, and Becks an incredible guy, Krakauer says. He lost a hand and all his fingers, and he just tells it like it is. He doesnt try to embellish his story or put a spin on anything. His story is atrocious but it is also uplifting. It may be the one uplifting part of this whole sordid mess.

Personal Experience that Changed my Life Essay Example for Free

Personal ingest that Changed my Life EssayAmerica may be experiencing the worst financial crisis this year. People may get at about losing jobs and missing opportunities for bigger earnings. But at age eighteen and fresh from high trail graduation, I am all hopes and all set to start the best years of my life. Just a few years back, I was enjoying the comforts of home in Wooster, Ohio, simply unconcerned about my future. My parents were unhinged about my lagging interests so they decided to send me to a boarding school in Ashtabula called epicurean River Academy. The school was noted for its effective programs built especially for struggling students. My parents decision was not in vain. I blended so easily in my boarding school and felt at home. I was smoothly able to realign my perspectives and invented the motivation to accomplish many things. Grand River Academy provided just the sound push that I needed. While in the academy I developed computer skills and vast acqu aintance in computer networking. Soon an unexpected opportunity came that changed my destiny.Read moreAn Experience That Changed My LifeThe music director of Grand River Academy offered me a workload in one of the special projects for community extension. The project aimed to develop a computer system for the school specifically for the programs involving the schools beneficiary communities. I was tapped to be contribution of the team to develop the system. For the first time I was depended on and trusted that I could correct a difference for the academy. It was an sleep together that changed me and made my vision of the future clearer and attainable.The high school project experience was significant to earn me a $6,000 scholarship and college admission into one of the best universities in the country Ashland University in Ohio. It is a dream-come-true for me. I give special gratitude to the Grand River Academy community for my ample preparations and being part of my achievemen ts. Participating in the project team earned me this scholarship privilege and the key to my college education. No tot of financial crisis or global recessions can stop me now because I am determined to succeed.

Comparison of Panhellenic Structures and Greek Sanctuaries

simile of Panhellenic Structures and classic SanctuariesIn What Ways Were Panhellenic Sanctuaries Distinctive in Comparison with Other Kinds of Greek Sanctuaries?This work is going to centre on the Panhellenic sanctuaries of capital of Washington and Delphi and what made them distinctive, nonwithstanding likewise the on a lower floorstandings why these distinctions occurred. To achieve this I am going to concentrate on the discussion on the origins of the sanctuaries in comparison to others that did non have Panhellenic status and excessively the types of activity that were established at these sanctuaries that were suitable to appeal to such(prenominal) a vast selection of citizenry.According to custom the Olympic games were first held in 776 BC, merely hysteria activity at capital of Washington had its origins some time before this as manifest by the presence of terracotta and bronze dedicated figurines, which suggest a age of at least the after-hours 10th century BC (Morgan 1990 57). During this period only(prenominal) the sanctuary was by no means Panhellenic and was mainly used by local groups. The site of the sanctuary of Zeus Olympios at capital of Washington was put in a fertile plain on the banks of the River Alpheios in the northwest Peloponnese, and was non controlled by all maven state, which, as we shall see, was a key requirement for it be flood tide Panhellenic. Metal evidence of bronze and now and again iron tripods points to settlements from the regions of Messenia and Arkadia as the main groups participating in the sanctuary in this earlier period and the reasons for this whitethorn have been to do with the remoteness of the site. It may have been, as Morgan suggests, a indifferent(p) meeting govern at which inter-regional relations were developed (Morgan 1990 30, 85, Hall 2007 272). It can be seen therefore that even during its earlier history, capital of Washington took on a role that fostered relations between d ifferent groups, in this case of the western Peloponnese or else than the larger Greek world.In the eighth century the number of communities using the sanctuary hugely increase as shown by a massive rise in the number of tripods being dedicated there. Tripods were seen as high status items and were an indictor of wealthiness, and were among the prizes given by Achilles at the funeral games of Patroclus in the IliadFor swift charioteers first he set forth goodly prizes, a woman to lead away, one skilled in goodly handiwork, and an dog-eared tripod of two and twenty measuresfor him that should be first.(Homer Iliad 23.264-265)It can be seen from this that in or so 700BC, the approximate date of the small-arm of the Iliad, tripods were given as prizes, but as Osborne notes, it is difficult to memorise whether this association existed earlier in the eighth century. Despite this he suggests that the rise in tripod dedication coincides with the traditional creation of the Olympic ga mes in 776 and argues that the reason for there being m all more tripods than the number of possible victors is that the range of type and manufacture points to people bringing their own tripods to dedicate whether victorious or not (Osborne 1996 96). It is the view of Hall however that this date of 776 was exaggerated through the calculations of Hippias of Elis to increase the standing of the games. He asserts that as the other great Panhellenic games were not established until the sixth century the Olympic games may in like manner have their origins in this century (Hall 2007 32, 272). Morgan on the other hand, believes there may be an element of truth in Pausanias account that the games were re-established in 776, and puts transport the idea that there may have been a small exceed local fiesta tradition in place prior to the 8th century. She argues that although a precedent may have been in place, wider interlocking in the games did not commence until c.725BC (Morgan 1990 4 8). It does seem odd however that the other Panhellenic games at Delphi, Nemea and Isthmia were not established until over a hundred years after those at Olympia, and yet these were apparently founded in spite of appearance quick succession (between c.582 and c.573). I am therefore in support of Halls position that perhaps the antiquity of the games was exaggerated, and it seems more plausibly that their origins lie in the late 7th or possibly even premature 6th century.If it were not games then, what drew people to the Olympic sanctuary to cause the sudden increase in the number of tripods dedicated? There is another explanation which shows a changing attitude in the ideas of man-to-man identity and the display of wealth. The dedications could reflect a new desire to display wealth for the viewing of a much wider audience. This would therefore have been a way of displaying social status but may in any case have provided opportunities for increasing your position within a soc ial hierarchy. The sheer numbers of tripods may also reflect the need to contest with others outside of your own community. Olympia was therefore the ideal place for these activities, determined on two major rivers and so providing ample status boosting attention and also on neutral territory in a remote fixing, the distance, and thus the added danger, increasing the prestige of the dedicator (De Polignac 1994 11, Osborne 1996 98). This seems to be a legitimate suggestion in explaining the influx of votive offerings. A fundamental change in attitude appears likely as an explanation for these new practices, as an increase in cultic practice was taking place end-to-end Greece. For example in the sanctuary of Pherai only two fibulae have so far been found date to the 9th and early 8th centuries compared to 1783 from the late 8th and early 7th. This can also be seen in a range of other objects at various different sanctuaries, and is not restricted to the future Panhellenic sites (Osborne 1996 93). Snodgrass suggests this represented a redirection of wealth to the dedication of the gods, and so it may be no coincidence that in this identical period there was also a change in custom in that the dead were no longer buried with the range or wealth of grave-goods that they once were (Snodgrass 1980 53-4, Osborne 1996 82). This would imply a change in belief from the display of power, of an individual or possibly even just a family group, in expiration through the inclusion of worldly willpowers, to an active display of wealth and social status in life. This may of course have been a factor prior to the 8th century but it is not as archaeologically visible as it becomes through tripod dedications. This is not to say that the games could not have been taking place at the same time, as neither activity is mutually exclusive however it highlights the practical impossibility of identifying the origins of the games through available archaeology.The sanctuary of Ap ollo Pythios at Delphi had quite different origins to Olympia and there is no evidence that it had any cult associations until around the start of the 8th century, when bronze tripods and figurines appear. It is Morgans view that the sanctuary began life as a local shrine for the village of Delphi, which was subsequently adopted by neighbouring states (Morgan 1990 106). During most of the 8th century dedications were relatively limited especially when compared to other sanctuaries such as Perakhora. These increased considerably in the last suck of the 8th century, but unlike Olympia where this apparently trailed off in the 7th, these dedications steadily continued coming from locations as diverse as the Peloponnese, Attica and Crete (Osborne 1996 202-203).Similarly to Olympia, Delphi was situated in quite a remote location on the slopes of Mount Parnassos, north of the Gulf of Corinth, in central Greece. This remoteness likewise allowed for its appeal to a wider audience, but it d id evolve as part of a community, unlike the much more isolated Olympia and there was also a strong Corinthian involvement. The key issue however is that it did not ignite directly within the territory of a developing powerful political centre.The aforementioned sanctuary of Hera at Perakhora for example became part of the territory of the urban center of Corinth and despite its correspondent origins and superior wealth in the 8th century at least to Delphi, it never achieved Panhellenic status. It would come under what Marinatos calls an extra-urban sanctuary, in that it fell under the direct administration of Corinth but was not within the urban space of the city. Urban sanctuaries, such as the Acropolis at Athens, were prominent features within the boundaries of a city and were used as an obvious display of the wealth and power of the respective city. Extra-urban sanctuaries on the other hand had a different political function to find the territory of the city administering i t, such as Corinth in the case of Perakhora. They also acted as small scale pan-Hellenic sanctuaries in as much as they united followers of a particular cult within a region and were not just for members of a specific polis. The Panhellenic sites of Delphi and Olympia light upon under the title of inter-urban sanctuaries (Marinatos 1993 229). This status largely depended on where the sanctuary was when cities became politicised, and the creation of, or claim for possession of a sanctuary probably indicated the beginnings of regional awareness (Morgan 1990 7). The position of a sanctuary therefore delimitate its function, thus also changing the types of votive objects dedicated. Morgan believes Perakhora came to reflect the personal concerns of the people in the region of Corinth, maculation the elite utilized Delphi for the display of their wealth this change in digest can be seen at Perakhora through dedications of items such as clay model koulouria and other feminine items lin ked to Hera (Morgan 1990 144). The major coronation in sanctuaries within polis territories however came in the form of monumental architecture which was constructed in these locations at least a century before that of any of the temples of the major Panhellenic sanctuaries (Hall 2007 271, De Polignac 1994 12). Prior to the construction of these temples the main focus of cult activity at all sanctuaries had been just an open air altar.The small temple of Hera at Perakhora built c.800 BC was one of the first to be constructed and was probably a one roomed building around 8 metres long and 5 metres wide. The initial temple of the Heraion at Samos was also constructed in this period though it was far more monumental in structure at just over 30 metres long, although even-tempered only 6 metres wide. The temple to first be built entirely of stone however was not erected until the 6th century, though perhaps it is not surprising that this was also at a polis sanctuary the temple of Ar temis at Kerkyra (Coldstream 1977 322, Coldstream 1985 70-3).It is raiseing then that these smaller, localised polis sanctuaries received this type of investment from communities long before the Panhellenic sanctuaries in the 7th and 6th centuries. Did this mean that urban and extra-urban sanctuaries were more important? Hall asserts that local sanctuaries essential have been of a higher priority and Morgan takes this further in saying that the reason for this is that the state had to be defined politically, spatially and socially before formal investment could take place outside of its borders (Hall 2007 271, Morgan 1993 19-20). Coldstream also agrees with this view, and it is his opinion that the construction of temples, among other signs, marked the arrival of the polis (Coldstream 1985 68). This would therefore seem to show that local temples such as that at Perakhora, were a key component of polis identity, and so it would seem only natural that city sanctuaries were invested in before competing against other poleis on the wider stage at the sanctuaries of Delphi and Olympia. As a result, it would seem slight an argument of which was the more important and therefore most deserving of communal investment, and more about which was the most fundamental to the establishment of a collective civic identity.This change in the notion of identity, away from the publicity of self interest of the individual and towards the collective identity of the polis, is also noticeable in the building of treasuries, specially at Delphi. At first these were constructed by elites in order to promote their own status, such as the treasury of Cypselus mentioned by HerodotosThese bowlsstand in the Corinthian treasury though to speak strictly it should not be called the public treasury of the Corinthians, but the treasury of Cypselus, son of Etion.(Herodotos Histories 1.14)As Hall notes however, by the 6th century these, despite still probably being financed by the most afflue nt, were constructed in the name of the polis, the treasury of Knidos being built in c.560-550 and the treasury of Siphnos in 525 for example (Hall 2007 272-3, Snodgrass 1980 141). Their function would have been the same, but the focus had shifted to the glorification of the polis rather than individuals. Only once a city state, and thus the communal identity that went with it, had in full formed could this be possible and allow for competition between states. Treasuries also existed in state sanctuaries, but all would have been financed by local inhabitants of the controlling city again differentiating from the Panhellenic appeal of Olympia and Delphi. The Heraion at Samos for instance has several possible treasuries, which were likely funded by local elites (Kyrieleis 1993 129, 133).As previously mentioned, the majority, if not all of the Panhellenic sanctuaries introduced games in the early 6th century and this is the period when they can truly be called Panhellenic, involving c ompetition between many poleis, rather than just elite individuals from neighbouring states. Individuals were still fted as heroes for victory, both(prenominal) by their polis and on a wider scale through winning they had increased their own status, but also the prestige of their home city. All athletic competitions were linked to religious festivals, and by 500BC there were around 50 sets of games in place throughout Greece (Sweet 1987 3). This wider recognition of ability of course, could not happen at these local games, such as those of the Panathenaia, and so added to the appeal of the Panhellenic games and must have been one of the main reasons for the assured interest of so many states. Again the reason that so many city-states could come together in one place to compete was because none of the Panhellenic sanctuaries were dominated by a powerful state. This meant that there was no reason to feel threatened as perhaps could happen at more urban sanctuaries, find within or cl ose to a dominant polis. This was one of the reasons why the Panathenaia, despite efforts from the Athenians to make it an inter-state festival to rival the Panhellenic games, was ultimately unsuccessful in attracting other poleis to compete (Finley 1985 xviii-xix).The Pythian games at Delphi and the Olympic games consisted of similar events, except that Delphi also offered musical competitionscontests for harpingfor flute-playing and for singing to the fluteThe competitions being the same as at Olympia, except the iv horse chariot, and the Delphians themselves added to the contest running races for boys, the long course and the double course.(Pausanias rendering of Greece 10.7.4-5)These contests clearly fixed the Panhellenic status of these sanctuaries, but could they have been classed as Panhellenic prior to the excogitation of athletic competition? This is harder to determine with Olympia, as the games were the main attraction of the sanctuary but also because the origins of t he games are so hard to determine. Delphi however was just as famous, if not more so, for its vaticinator. The Delphic oracle is believed to have been established in the late 8th century, although like the Olympic games this is disputed. Again the only material evidence is the rise in votive offerings at the end of the century, which as discussed above is present in many places and could be indicative of a number of practices. There is a mention of the oracle in the Odyssey howeverin sacred Pytho, when he passed over the threshold of stone to enquire of the oracle.(Homer Odyssey 8.79-82)If its provenance is to be believed, and if it was not a later accompaniment to the story, then this would seem to support an 8th century origin for the oracle. Whatever the actual date, it is Morgans belief that the introduction of the oracle may reflect early state domination of the sanctuary, in a similar room to the way treasuries began to reflect the polis rather than the individual (Morgan 1 990 184-5). Osborne advocates that the oracle was part of the wider appeal of Delphi, but Delphi was not the only sanctuary with an oracle, and this again brings us back to the question of when it first became Panhellenic and what determined this status the oracle or the Pythian games (Osborne 1996 204).No matter what the actual cause of panhellenism was, the activities in place at both Olympia and Delphi were available elsewhere at many other sanctuaries that never achieved the status Panhellenic. The apparent reason for this, as has been reiterated many times through this work, was the geographical location of the sanctuaries. The Delphic oracle would have been perceived as far less likely to give biased advice to protect its political allegiances, as its neutrality meant that it was not dependent on the ambitions of a controlling polis. Similarly, the Olympic and Pythian games would have provided impartial ground on which to compete for greater glory than was possible within the confines of a state or intra-regional festival. It can be seen therefore that the origins of both Panhellenic and civic sanctuaries were quite comparable, and it was only following the emergence of a richly defined state, with territorial awareness, that the varying roles of sanctuaries became distinct. Consequently, it is my belief that it was a combination of geographical location and the rise of the polis that provided the milieu for Panhellenic sanctuaries to be set apart, but that they had to have something to offer in order to appeal to a wider audience, whether it was an oracle or athletic competition. It is mainly through these factors that inter-urban sanctuaries differentiated from those directly under the control of a city-state.BibliographyHerodotos. Histories, translated by A. De Slincourt (Penguin Classics). capital of the United Kingdom Penguin Books. 2003.Homer. Iliad, translated by A. T. Murray. London Heinemann / Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press. 1924.Homer. Odyssey, translated by A. T. Murray. London Heinemann / Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press. 1919.Pausanias. Description of Greece, translated by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerod. London Heinemann /Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press. 1918.Coldstream, J. N. 1977. Geometric Greece. London Ernest Benn.Coldstream, J. N. 1985. Greek Temples Why and Where? In P. Easterling and J. Muir (eds), Greek trust and Society. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.De Polignac, F. 1994. Mediation, Competition, and Sovereignty The Evolution of Rural Sanctuaries in Geometric Greece. In S. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds), Placing the gods Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in past Greece. Oxford Clarendon Press.Finley, M. 1985. Foreword. In P. Easterling and J. Muir (eds), Greek Religion and Society. CambridgeCambridge University Press.Hall, J. M. 2007. A History of the Archaic Greek World ca. 1200-479 BC. Oxford Blackwell.Kyrieleis, H. 1993. The Heraion at Samos. In N. Marinatos and R. Hgg (eds), Greek Sanctuaries unused Approaches. London and New York Routledge.Marinatos, N. 1993. What were Greek Sanctuaries? A Synthesis. In N. Marinatos and R. Hgg (eds),Greek Sanctuaries New Approaches. London and New York Routledge.Morgan, C. 1990. Athletes and Oracles The Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the Eight Century BC. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Morgan, C. 1993. The Origins of Pan-Hellenism. In N. Marinatos and R. Hgg (eds), Greek SanctuariesNew Approaches. London and New York Routledge.Osborne, R. 1996. Greece in the Making 1200-479 BC. London and New York Routledge.Snodgrass, A. M. 1980. Archaic Greece The Age of Experiment. London J M Dent.Sweet, W. E. 1987. Sport and Recreation in Ancient Greece A Sourcebook with Translations. OxfordOxford University Press.