Alleviating Urban Blight

Alleviating Urban Blight Mariah Beatty-Adams Kent School of Social Work University of Louisville Urban Blight in Louisville Louisville is known for internationally for the annual derby, that the upper-class and wealthy attend as a group for recreation, and entertainment. It is a time that economically, that the city is in its element. Millions of dollars are spent on derby paraphernalia, horse paraphernalia and alcohol for the masses. The city is becomes a city that never sleeps. Patrons of the derby are attracted to the large three malls, the hustle and vibrancy of the â€Å"hipster† mini- town of Bardstown Rd. and are seen at all the touristic options throughout town; especially those that are directly related to our city’s most prized possession, Muhammad Ali. Although patrons are excited to learn about Muhammad’s hometown, no one frequents past 9th street, an area that is infamously known for crime, and drugs. West Louisville is an area of the city that is kn own for not only crime that is birth from the area, but also falling victim to urban blight, similar to other urban and inner city areas of large cities nationally and globally.According to the US Census, out of more than 5000 properties in the five neighborhoods that make up West Louisville, 22. 1% of the homes are vacant or abandoned. An area that used to thrive with African American businesses, and industrial powerhouses that were less than environmentally friendly, has fell victim to the counter- productive action of urban renewal. There are only a slew of fast food restaurants, and an even larger number of liquor stores; unfortunately leading to the area become a food desert.An area where residents cannot acquire the ideal nutrients that are set by the FDA that every person should digest to remain healthy and active. However minorities are often limited to processed package foods, due to their only being one grocery store in the area. The only businesses there are seen in the a rea are barbershops, beauty salons, payday loan businesses, and a handful of makeshift retail stores. Leaving several residents without means for an income, becoming even more impoverished. Out of the 61,251 people inhabiting West Louisville, on average 13. 4% are unemployed.This doesn’t take account the several workers who are underemployed, struggling to make ends meet in an area that is not known for upward mobility. A change must be brought to the area that does not have a negative impact on the inhabitants, but a solution that will bring in a sense of promise and change the lives of the people who live in the constant fear that their local government has truly forgot about. In the year of 1957, Louisville constituents voted on a $5 million urban renewal project. Urban renewal refers to the public efforts to bring life into the aging and decaying inner cities across that nation.The term was heavily used and introduced to cities following World War II. Unfortunately the pa th to urban renewal is too destroy what is deemed destructive. Several businesses and public housing homes were tore down leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves and business owners on the streets with their dreams in stride. Instead of working with already strong foundations and beautiful architecture, these pieces of history were demolished, destroying the sense of community with the debris caused by destruction.Thrown up in the place of these businesses and homes, were new pieces of architecture, still leaving the cause of West Louisville’s blight unharmed. Ethical Analysis and Ideologies of Current Solution Urban renewal in Louisville embraces the private good over the well-being of the public. Similar to the theory presented in the analysis titled The Economics and Ethics of Private Property by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, where he goes even far as to describe in great detail the fallacies of the public good.Results of the destruction caused by urban renewal have shadows o f the historical ideologies that our nation’s closed mind, white superiority foundation. Ideologies such as Individualism, Independence and the Protestant Work Ethic. Where the results have left the residents of the community on their own(individualism) The protestant work ethic is founded on the vision of wealth. â€Å"Hard work and wealth are signs of personal and moral worth† unfortunately minorities the west end work hard and have no wealth, nor anything to show for their work efforts. Those who are poor are considered as not having a proper or sufficient work ethic and are often considered inferior†. (Enoch,2012) When constituents are living in poverty and are feeling forgotten, you have not worried about those who are affected, or an ends to a mean. Nor did the urban renewal ordinance use funds to access the source of urban blight or the lack of income in the community. Unemployment and lack of economy of the area are the crooks behind the hundreds of desol ate and abandoned homes all over the West end.Non- profit organizations, such as the Metropolitan Housing Coalition, struggle to combat urban decay; yet have not found viable and visual solutions to the social issue. Proposed Solution To combat the social issue of urban decay, we must educate the residents of the area, many residents who are unhappy with their environment; yet have not been given the voice to help create and foster change in their own community. For change to be truly progressive, the need for change must be truly felt by those who are affected.Education is a key source of change. We must hear and allow residents to speak up on the changes that they want to be seen, the problem with social issues are that the activists are often times people who are not living in the environment that they work to change. We have no idea what changes are truly needed from residents, and they may be unaware that the changes that they need to live are in fact available or tangible. Wit h a united need for change, activists and groups such as MHC, need to work with residents to establish a sense of community.Areas throughout the west end and their inhabitants are often portrayed in the news and media as enemies, several people who grew up in neighboring areas are seen slain, both victims of death and self-hate. If we are working for the same change, how would that be tangible without a sense of unity? To establish education and also a sense of community, there needs to be monthly West End hall meetings, where Advisory boards from each of the five neighborhoods in West Louisville speak amongst each other and activists on the changes that need to be seen and together produce a set of actions to complete the changes needed.Also establish classes in simple do-it- yourself projects that could be done in abandoned homes to rebuild them together, and also throw park clean up parties to get rid of the trash and debris that are in the park and renovate parks that are deemed desolate. To get youth involved establish youth advisory boards, similar to Pact in Action, to speak on the changes they would see and provide the youth with the resources and voice needed for their educational career and changes. To nd the downward mobility that has only been available to several of the residents. Also coordinate neighborhood block parties and barbeques so it can be a sense of community that could not only be felt but seen by residents. To reestablish a flow of economy in the neighborhoods, and reduce the money going to fast food restaurants and liquor stores; have communities and neighborhoods raise money to purchase abandoned pieces of land that are full of garbage and debris, and turn them into a community garden.It would slowly but surely put an end to the food desert that the West has grown to be and reestablish healthy habits within the community. Every weekend there could be an organized farmer market between the neighborhoods where residents could sell the food they hand grew, and supplement a form of income in the several homes that are in need. Possibly establishing a shopping district, similar to the ones that were owned by African Americans in the 50’s and 60’s, to give residents a steady means of income.Instead of selling and advertising areas such as downtown, and east Louisville as business gems, sell west Louisville to possible business prospects by stating the cheap rent rates and the vast number of available lots and homes that can be â€Å"flipped†, instead of spending a fortune on new buildings and offices. Establish a working relationship with business prospects and the community to introduce prospective employees. Working relationships should be facilitated by the Council for a compassionate city, the mayor’s office, and also the governor’s office.The governor could benefit by acquiring skills and knowledge to produce the same action plans in cities in the state that are also victims o f white flight and urban blight. To efficiently reduce and hopefully alleviate the social issue. Several people who have lived in the city of Louisville have not ventured past 9th street. I believe it is due to the 7th street connector and 9th street connector or â€Å"Great Wall of Louisville† as I affectionately refer to it. Which is constructed I’m sure was constructed at a time where city ordinances were processed to segregate African Americans from white neighborhoods and areas.As a suggestion from Louisville Mag, this construction needs to be demolished similar to the homes and businesses of the impoverished to allow the West End community and the other areas to not only allow economic growth but a sense of community that can lead to resources in the renovation of west Louisville. However in its opposite it is proposed that there is a connection from the water front and connectors from the west end. Possibly leading to shopping districts to the west end. Also pro vide access with two lane roads and to businesses. Ethical Analysis of Proposed Solution/ TheoryThese actions adopt both deontological theories and Rawlsian liberalism. Deontological theories believe that you do not harm individuals especially minorities; and is about moral obligations. Meaning it is based on the community as a whole and will not allow an individual to fall underneath the economical cracks. According to Rawlsian Liberalism, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others. (the Liberty Principle) Meaning every person should have the right to healthy food, and the basic necessities for living.Families in the area currently have a high rate of unemployment, and can’t acquire the things they need on the lack of income, or no income they have. With these plans the conditions of both will improve, may not be the first day but one day. Work Cited 1. moss, J. (2013, march 13). West of ninth. Louis ville Magazine, Retrieved from http://loumag. epubxp. com/i/111400/30 2. Stemle, C. (2013, march 13) So close, but so far. Louisville Magazine, retrieved from http://loumag. epubxp. com 3. Jimenez, J. (2011). Social policy and social change. Long Beach: Sage publications.

Child Development Models Essay

This essay will describe the different explanations for children’s behaviour, examining the Psychodynamic, Behaviourist and Social Learning perspectives. It will also evaluate each of these theories and make reference to their practical application. In doing so, the essay will set out how parents, child psychologists, social workers and teachers can aim to understand children’s behaviour.  As Haggerty (2006) states, â€Å"The theory supporting psychodynamic therapy originated in and is informed by psychoanalytic theory.† The psychoanalytic approach to therapy was developed by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist. Freud’s model proposed that an individual has three elements to their psychological self: the ego, superego and id. The id is the most primitive, consisting of largely unconscious  biological impulses. The ego uses reality and its  consequences to modify the behaviour being urged by the  id. The superego judges actions as right or wrong based  on the person’s internal value system.  (Strickland ed., 2001, p.637)  According to Freud, children progress through various psychosexual stages of development. He claimed that, at particular points in the process, a single body part is particularly sensitive to erotic stimulation (Stevenson, 1996). The first stage begins at birth and continues until approximately 1 year old. It is classified as The Oral Stage because the mouth and lips are the main focus, displaying biting, sucking and chewing behaviour. The Anal Stage comes next and usually occurs between 1 and 3 years old. Toilet training encourages the child to enjoy expelling faeces. At this point the id will be satisfied by this instantaneous pleasure and will be in conflict with the ego and superego, which are concerned with controlling bodily functions to satisfy social expectations and practicality.  The Phallic Stage occurs between approximately 3 and 5 years old and contains one of Freud’s most controversial theories, the Oedipus complex (or Electra complex in females). His theory states that the child becomes focused upon the genital area and experiences turmoil in the form of an unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent and eliminate the same-sexed parent. What Freud termed the Latency Period comes next. He believed that sexual drive lay dormant due to repressed impulses and desires. At this stage, children focus upon non-sexual activities and form same-sex friendships.  At approximately 12 years old, a child faces puberty and enters what Freud classes as The Genital Stage. The focus returns to the genitals but this time in relation to others. There is now an interest in relationships and exploring sexuality. When a child is unable to resolve the conflicts that occur at any of these stages, fixation can occur. â€Å"If needs are not met in a satisfactory way or if the individual’s conscience or superego cannot deal with impulses and drives to love and to hate, then complex character traits emerge† (Errington and Murdin, 2006). For example, oral fixation may result in an adult displaying pessimism, sarcasm or gullibility, whilst phallic fixation may result in recklessness or fear of commitment. Freud, like many who begin a movement, now receives much criticism. One area of weakness is the limited scope of his research, as his therapy work mainly focused upon upper middle class women. Another popularly criticised aspect of Freud’s work is the emphasis on sexuality as, in his view, everything seems to stem from expression or repression of the sex drive (Boeree, 2006). Despite criticism, Freud’s methods underpin the commonly held belief that childhood experiences are hugely important to personality development. In practical terms, those working with children today place great importance on ensuring that a childhood contains opportunities to develop, to learn the difference between right and wrong, and to learn to appropriately act upon or repress urges.  Behaviour therapy is defined as â€Å"A collection of psychotherapeutic techniques aimed at altering maladaptive or unwanted behaviour patterns, especially through the application of principles of conditioning or learning.† (Colman, 2006). The main influencers of this theory were Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Ivan Pavlov, later to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his research into the digestive system, observed that â€Å"†¦dogs would salivate upon seeing their keeper, apparently in anticipation of being fed.† (Strickland ed., 2001, p.478). Pavlov extended his experiment and rang a bell immediately before food was served to the dogs. Eventually, the dogs would salivate upon the bell ringing, even if no food was then served. This led Pavlov to develop an understanding of conditioned responses and unconditioned reflexes.

Compare and Contrast the Government Reforms in Australian Employment Essay

Compare and Contrast the Government Reforms in Australian Employment Relations since 1993 - Essay Example The reforms have made significant impacts on the growth in the knowledge and service sectors of the economy, the shift towards more precarious works, deregulation, competitiveness and individualism and emergence of normative HRM with performance orientation as well (Burgess, 2008, p. 19). The employment and industrial relation in Australia has long been part of one of the developments and successive arbitral model, but in the nineties, these have been challenged, modified and reshaped into an enterprise-focused system. The main reforms to promote the enterprise-focused system has been enhanced by the 1993 Reforms Act that in turn has become a fundamental move to dismantle many key coordinating and generalizing systems and tendencies that were evident in the early arbitral model. The Workplace Relations Act of 1996 has been another step in abandoning the ideas and relationships of the arbitral model and has put efforts to reinforce the enterprise and non-union focused employment relation in Australia (Gardner and Palmer, 1997, p. 44). Murray (2002) emphasized that employment relation reforms can enhance increased employee participation in workplace practices. The reforms can also help the companies solve real business problems, reduction in product development cycles, better customer focus etc. the development of information system and computer technologies have made it necessary that changes in employment relation would help companies solve difficulties and risks associated with workplace practices (p. 128- 130). Reforms and innovations in workplace relation, especially when it is with the collaboration of management, workers, and unions seem to be long-lasting. The Workplace Relation reforms in Australia have been found to be both collaborative with management and unions and being forced on the parties due to the particular crisis (Lansbury, 2000, p. 30).

Using the IS-LM framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Using the IS-LM framework - Essay Example The model is represented in the form of a graph. The horizontal axis represents the national income or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of an economy. The vertical axis represents the variable â€Å"i† which denotes the prevailing interest rates in the economy. The model achieves equilibrium at a point where â€Å"IS† curve intersects the LM curve. Inflation is considered as an exogenous factor in this model in the short run. This means that in the short-run real and nominal interest rates are same and any changes in the nominal interest rates affect the demand for money in the economy. (Lipsey & Chrystal 2003) IS curve is drawn just like a conventional demand curve. The independent variable of this curve is the interest rate and the dependent variable is the national income of the economy which is denoted by â€Å"Y†. The curve is a downward sloping line. The reason for the downward or negative slop of the curve is the fact that at lower interest rates demand for mo ney â€Å"Y† is high. At higher interest rate levels, the demand drops down. This is in line with the rational behavior of consumers, institutions, businesses and governments. Since interest rate is a cost of money, many people would demand more money when it is being offered at cheaper rates. Similarly businesses will demand more money when the interest rates are low which lowers down their cost of doing business. Governments and other institutions will also borrow when the interest rate is low because of the fact that they will have to give lower amount to the party lending the fund, for the use of funds. In other words opportunity cost of borrowing is low when interest rates are low and high when interest rates are higher. All the parties needing money borrow more at lower interest rates unless the demand for money is inelastic. (Brue & McConnell 2006) IS Curve can be mathematically explained by the following equation: In the above equation, C(Y-T(Y)) represents the consum er spending part of the function. I(r) represent the investment function which is affected by the interest rates. It must be remembered that the relationship between investment and interest rate is negatively proportional at all times. G represents the government spending part which is exogenous or given. No factor affects the government spending and since it is solely determined by the government’s own policy hence it is considered as an exogenous factor. The last part of the function is related to international trade. NX(Y) represents the net import minus exports and denotes the net international trade as a function of real income. It must be remembered that the relationship between the international trade and disposable income is positive all the times. This makes sense as it tells the readers that the more income the people have, more they will be willing to spend. (Anabtwi & Smith 1994) In the diagram â€Å"Figure 1†, it can be seen that the IS curve is downward s loping. In other words, the relationship between national income (GDP) and interest rate is negatively correlated. Any fall in interest rate increases the national income and any rise in interest rate decreases the national income (GDP). The relationship is more explicitly point out in numerical figures. The rise in interest rates from 4 percent to 5 percent has resulted in the fall in national income from $700 to $600. The relationship between these two variables is negative. The relationship makes sense because of the opportunity cost

You are what you eat. American food culture and traditions Around the Essay

You are what you eat. American food culture and traditions Around the word - Essay Example The participants of the contests are the ones who eat the hot dogs in this occasion while other people get entertained by the contest. Nathan Hot dog eating contest is a competitive eating event held annually on 4th July in America at Nathans’s Famous Corporation and in other famous restaurants. The significance of this event is to establish the most patriotic citizen. The victor of the competition is considered the most patriotic citizen of the year. The first competition was held in 1916 and the event has gained momentum since then by attracting many participants from all over the state (AmericaBooks, LLC, 2010). The media has broadly covered this event, and this has given it a lot of fame across the continent and elsewhere. The ancient meat used in making hot dogs was beef and pork, but chicken and turkey have been used in the recent time. Oven-roasting hot dogs by preheating the oven to a temperature of four hundred degrees, slicing the hot dogs into halves and put the slices in a roasting pan. The roasting oven containing the hot dogs is then placed in an oven for fifteen minutes and then serves them on the bun. Grilling involves putting the hot dogs on a hot grill and turning them until they attain the color of your choice before serving them. Microwaving this is prepared by putting the hot dog in a microwave-safe bowl with water and then placing it safely in the microwave for two to three minutes (AmericaBooks, LLC, 2010). After removing the hot dogs from the microwave they are then served in a bun after cooling for about a half a minute. Boiling hot dogs are put in a saucepan with sufficient water and then place the pan on fire and give it time to boil. Deep the hot dogs into the boiling water and reduce the amount of fire. Wait for the hot dogs to boil for three to six minutes, and then serve to eat. Contesters use different methods to eat the hot dogs. There are some who break the hot dog into two pieces and

Manufacturing process Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manufacturing process - Lab Report Example Stroke is the length of travel of rod or piston. Combustion chamber volume is the total of each combustion chamber expressed in cubic centimeters. Deck height volume is obtained from getting the area between the top of the piston and the top of the block when the piston is at the top of the stroke. Head gasket volume is part of the overall cylinder volume. Sweep volume is the displacement of one cylinder. Constant volume is considered the volume into which the swept volume is compressed on each compression stroke. The existing layout consists of a water pump, an alternator and a vibration of damper or there is sometimes the use of crank shaft pulleys. This is done along with the belt tensioner and idler pulley. The design which was used in the manufacture is that which was from the benchmark helping in communication of the components that are in the structure. In proposal that was made on the structure, there exist five numbers of pulleys and a 4PK belt. Auto tensioner that is used in the system is removed and the tensioning that occurs is provided by the alternator and its mounting bracket which functions as the manual tensioning device. The alternator that is used is that which is reduced capacity alternator suiting the requirement of the application motorcycle. The system contains a slot in the upper part and can be supported in its bottom to the alternator mounting bracket. The motion in the support provides the tensioning of the belt. There is an alternative process that can be used in the manufacturing of the system. In the alternative manufacture, there is reduction in the number of pulleys to three with only the water pump, the vibration damper and alternator. In the alternative process, there is use of the same arrangements for tension of the belt. The difference that occurs in the two models is the direction of rotation of the water pumps to clockwise from anticlockwise. Analysis that was carried out in camshaft was mainly on the

Economics of Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of Development - Essay Example If figures are presented, their source should be included and again, a good essay will identify their value to the argument. Having a healthy, prosperous and peaceful phase of a country stands to distinguish itself as a developed country. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. From a policy perspective, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base. The term "economic growth" refers to the growth of a specific measure such as real national income, gross domestic product, or per capita income. National income or product is commonly expressed in terms of a measure of the aggregate value-added output of the domestic economy called gross domestic product (GDP). When the GDP of a nation rises, economists refer to it as economic growth. This economic development effect the individual in the mass leading to a phase either strong or weak hold of purchase power. The ter m "economic development," on the other hand, implies much more. It typically refers to improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. GDP is a specific measure of economic welfare that does not take into account important aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice. As we understand in the economic periphery of lives, country's infrastructure and the scope to grow depends primarily on the strategy of the state. If a country does not grow despite their constant strife in fact is due to the inadequate chartering of their visions in the planning. Political unrest, conservative idealism and lack of human spirit are the factors to leave the countries behind the global race. One of the chief reasons of failures in the achievement of economic development in spite the honest motive of a state is social values. Marxist theory of equality and social justice may prevent rapid economic growth like the Capit alist' economy where private authorities contribute more massively to the national growth. DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS FOR BETTER LIVING: AN ANALYSIS Development economics emerged as a branch of economics because economists after World War II became concerned about the low standard of living in so many countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The first approaches to development economics assumed that the economies of the less developed countries were so different from the developed countries that basic economics could not explain the behavior of less developed country economies. Such approaches produced some interesting and even elegant economic models, but these models failed to explain the patterns of no growth, slow growth, or growth and retrogression found in the less developed countries. Slowly the field swung back towards more acceptances that opportunity cost, supply and demand, and so on applies in this regard. This cleared the ground for better approaches. Traditional economics, however, still could not reconcile the weak and failed growth patterns. What was required to explain poor growth were macro and institutiona l factors beyond micro

Romantic Composers' Enthusiasm for Writing Orchestral Program Music Essay

Romantic Composers' Enthusiasm for Writing Orchestral Program Music - Essay Example Being a representative of Early Romanticism, Hector Berlioz was one of the true founders of Romantic era in music. Writing in the grand romantic tradition, Berlioz is famous for his large operas and symphonies. He brought the true Romantic spirit into program music and can be considered as not less significant and even revolutionary figure than Beethoven with his passion and emotional depth of expressions. Berlioz is mostly famous for his Symphonie fantastique and Grande Messe des morts; both appeared as true progress in program music organizing. Written in 1830, Symphonie fantastique is divided into five thematic parts or movements. This Berlioz's composition can be surely referred to as program music since it is subtitled as An Episode in the Life of an Artist and has its own narration. During the time of writing this symphony, Berlioz has extremely fallen in love with the Irish actress, Harriet Smithson, and this fact is the background of the Symphonie fantastique plot. As for the technical content and using new approaches in the composition, Symphonie fantastique is filled with the intensively dramatic music and unusual timbres and textures. Being a professional conductor and highly talented composer, Hector Berlioz used a large orchestra with prominent role of brass and percussion p to four timpani players. On the other hand, it occurs that Berlioz was also highly impressive and sensitive person, and, therefore, composition was always an extremely creative process for him. As it is said in introduction of Symphonie fantastique text: "In this condition his sensations, feelings and memories find utterance in his sick brain in the form of musical imagery. Even the beloved one takes the form of melody in his mind, like a fixed idea that is ever-returning, that he hears

Interprofessional Working on Patients with Learning Disability Essay

Interprofessional Working on Patients with Learning Disability - Essay Example This essay will explore the interprofessional working environment’s challenges, solutions to barriers and problems, as well as how these scenarios have been translated or could have been avoided on the case of Tom. Discussion Case Summary: Tom had a profound and multiple learning disabilities and attended a residential special school. One year prior to his death, a hospice consultant recommended an investigation by a gastroenterologist but the medical assessment promised during the NHS assessment never materialised. Tom’s parents relayed their concerns based on Tom’s expressions of pain on numerous occasions but it the social services workers did not heed the reports. The school interpreted Tom’s discomfort as dislike for school even whilst his parents insisted he needed medical investigation. When brought to a hospice, the consultant suggested his digestive system be further investigated. During the discussion with his GP, Tom’s parents were not included and the GP decided that a PEG feeding tube will not be tolerable and that there was unclear direction as to how Tom could receive adequate nutrition. After leaving school, the professionals also decided there was nowhere suitable for Tom to go to. Instead, he was placed into an NHS psychiatric assessment unit. His parents were only promised of medical assessment but it never happened. His health deteriorated, he lost weight and started acting unusual such as gouging his head of which his parents interpreted as experiences of pain. By the time a place for social services residential home became available for Tom, it was also then that his health was acted upon and he was confined in a hospital. It was found Tom had ulcerated oesophagus and that he was inserted with a PEG in order to be fed by tube prior to an operat ion. However, it has been too late because Tom was already extremely weak and died in the process. Ethical and legal issues It was apparent on the case of Tom that there was serious negligence on the part of the general practitioner (GP) to act accordingly by making a decision without consulting or including Tom or Tom’s parents in the process. It was already obvious that a health consultant recommended the need for Tom to be inspected by a gastroenterologist. This should have been pursued and provided in a timely manner. The GP as the gateway for Tom’s more specific medical needs shares the biggest responsibility in the process. In addition, there is the Disability Discrimination Act which called for the full application of human rights principles on the case of Tom and others who have disabilities. The human rights concept is â€Å"key to the development and improvement of healthcare for people with learning disability,† (Jacques and Strank, 2009, 439). This c alls for treatment and respect with equity of outcomes in healthcare the patient with disability receives. Additional support, in fact, is required because their disability increases the difficulties they experience and increases their rights instead of being diminished. Aside

Can Orton and Ravenhilll be described as radical queers Essay

Can Orton and Ravenhilll be described as radical queers - Essay Example Still, there was a contention that Orton somehow managed to contribute to the movement for gay rights.4 Mark Ravenhill who was openly gay and forthright about being HIV positive weaved together plays that waged an assault on social structures and arguably advocated for social change for the oppressed including gays.5 This essay argues that both Ravenhill and Orton are properly characterized as radical gays. In order to demonstrate queer radicalism on the part of Orton and Ravenhill, this essay conducts an analysis of some of their plays that substantiate this claim. This essay is therefore divided into two parts. The first part of this essay analyses some of Orton’s plays as a means of demonstrating that he can be properly characterized as a radical queer. The second part of this essay also analysed some of Ravenhill’s plays as a means of demonstrating that Ravenhill was also a radical queer. Nakayama argues that Orton’s plays were self-conscious creations of an alternative to the standard heterosexual society and in particular the â€Å"bourgeois norm of the nuclear family† as opposed to a â€Å"neurotic repetition of it†.6 Regardless there are two perspectives relative to whether or not Orton was indeed a queer radical. One perspective argues that Orton given the times in which Orton wrote, his plays indicate that he was â€Å"an advance guard of† the sexual revolution and a â€Å"sort of fifth columnist among sexual conservatives†.7 That some of Orton’s plays such as What the Butler Saw focused so sharply on clandestine sexuality that it was obvious that Orton was content to â€Å"remain in the closet without directly confronting the sexual powers that were†.8 The criticisms of What the Butler Saw arise out of what Orton failed to do rather than what he actually did in the play. Butler was written in 1967 before theatre censorship had come to an end. However, since

Readers Interest in The Crucible Essay Example for Free

Readers Interest in The Crucible Essay The Crucible takes place in Salem, a small town in seventeenth century Massachusetts, where religion, fear and hysteria ultimately lead to the famous witchcraft trials in 1692. At the time The Crucible was produced, Senator Joseph McCarthy was in power as the chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Due to relative events and the paranoid hunting of pro-communists, The Crucible is seen to be a metaphor for the McCarthy era. Throughout The Crucible, Miller employs several techniques and writing styles to create tension and suspense and to stimulate the audiences interest. The most important reason why The Crucible retains the interest of the audience is because the plot maintains a slow burning, yet consistent pace. Act one is a prime example of how information is released gradually and atmospherically. The very start of the play leaves us oblivious to what has happened, with Parris praying over his inert daughter. This is a great method to grab the audiences attention immediately as we are in the dark right from the start, and naturally are curious about what has happened. As the act progresses, patches of information are revealed, but the uncertainty and contradiction present engages the audience as they are forced to decipher for themselves the truth; at one point Abigail is denying all charges profusely: We did dance, uncle, and when you leaped out of the bush so suddenly, Betty was frightened and then she fainted. And theres the whole of it. However, later, as other charges are brought about, she concedes to them. This way the story keeps momentum as well as suspense. Act 2 employs the same technique to maintain tension when Mary Warren comes home and the information in reference to the court is informed to us. Acts 3 and 4 stay true to this structure and a good example is in act 4 when John Proctor is undecided over his confession, whether or not to sign it- No, it is not the same! What others say and what I sign to is not the same! The audience is on tenterhooks, hoping he will sign (or perhaps not, in some cases). Another main element to The Crucible, which engrosses the audience, is the technique of dramatic irony. In The Crucibles case, dramatic irony is where the audience is aware of something in the play that not all of the characters are. In The Crucible the dramatic irony is that we know that there is no witchcraft, and that Abigail and her friends are pretending, but most of the other characters believe it, or at least take advantage of it. Some of the characters must be left ignorant in order to form a basis to the theme of hysteria and madness, but the idea of dramatic irony is so that it creates the ironic and incredulous situations, and involves the audience more proactively as they know what is going on. In act 1 we think that the girls lies will be dismissed as they seem to us so ridiculous, but in Act 2 the true impact of the situation starts to take shape as information of arrests and trials is revealed. By Act 3 the original accusations have manifested into sheer madness which we, as the audience, can see, but the characters cannot. Act 4 does not utilize the tool quite as much as by then Abigail and her peers have unofficially been exposed. The dramatic irony concerning the presence of witchcraft helps to emphasise the theme of hysterical behaviour which, in that respect, has a larger impact on the audience and produces more interesting scenarios from the audiences 0point of view. Another example of dramatic irony is during Act 3 when Elizabeth Proctor is asked to explain to the court her reasons for dismissing Abigail as her servant, unaware that John had just admitted his affair with her. This scene is perhaps the tensest in the entire play as the fate of Salem rested on Elizabeth confirming that Proctor was an adulterer. However, she lies and tells the court Proctor was not a lecher, not wanting to get him into trouble. Excellency, it is a natural lie to tell This is said by Reverend Hale as he too is trying to stop this insanity, and the audience is also frustrated with the situation. Which is one of the key emotions that dramatic irony provokes to sustain the audiences attention- frustration. Our hopes that the situation will be resolved and our almost angry views to some of the characters ignorance involves us in the plot and helps to share what John Proctor and some of the other characters must be feeling. In order to maintain the suspense and atmosphere in-between acts, Miller makes sure to end the first 3 acts with suspense and cliff-hangers and Act 4 with a big finale. In the ultimate scenes of Act 1, the tension created throughout the start of the play reaches its climax with Abigail and the other Girls accusing various Salem citizens of witchcraft to relieve themselves of attention. Miller has chosen a fantastic way to draw the Act to an unmistakeable close but still retaining the interest of the reader; it draws the events of the night together, satisfying the reader in one element, but has at the same time unleashed a larger and more complex crisis upon Salem, rousing the inquisitive eagerness experienced right from the very start of the play. Act 2 also ends dramatically with Elizabeths arrest after Abigail utilizes Marys poppet to frame Elizabeth. As in Act 1, it draws the nights events to a satisfying climax with Elizabeths arrest, but also leaves the reader expectant of Act 3s events with Proctor and Mary planning to expose Abigail. My wife will never die for me! I will bring your guts into your mouth but that goodness will not die for me! This powerful sentence from Proctor gives the audience hope for Elizabeth and, at the same time, makes sure the audience knows that dramatic events are yet to come. Additional to suspense-filled endings, Miller employs the use of time lapses in-between acts in order to maintain the pace. Between both Acts 1 and 2, and Acts 3 and 4, there is a significant time jump. This way it stops the plot from appearing too dragged out and makes sure that the suspense doesnt die down so the audiences interest is still at its peak.

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines A novel combination adjuvant platform for human and animal vaccines   Ravendra Garg, Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Volker and Gerdts Abstract Adjuvants are critical component of vaccines. They are being used to enhance and extend the overall immune response, to drive the response towards a specific type of immunity, and to reduce the need for multiple booster immunizations. Here we report the development of a combination adjuvant platform consisting of three immune stimulators, namely host defence peptides, polyphosphazenes and PolyI:C/CpG ODN. The adjuvant platform was co-formulated with a variety of human and animal vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. When co-formulated with a wide range of viral and bacterial antigens including Bordetella pertussis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Chlamydia trachomatis and influenza antigens, a single immunization induced 100-1,000 fold stronger humoral immune responses (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), a much earlier onset of immunity, a clear shift towards a more balanced or Th-1 type of response and extended duration of immunity of up to two years in some cases. The vacc ines were highly effective in neonates of less than 7 days of age and provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with B. pertussis or RSV. Furthermore, the polyphosphazenes in this combination allow the assembly of microparticles that when lyophilized were stable for several months. Intranasal immunization with these microparticles induced strong mucosal immune response in the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, the adjuvant platform was highly effective in the presence of maternal antibodies. In summary, we developed a novel vaccine platform for neonates, which provided more balanced, long lasting and fully protective immune responses in neonates after a single vaccination only. Introduction Vaccine provides huge public health benefits for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. Live vaccines generate effective immune responses but have been associated with a number of safety concerns, including improper attenuation and reverting back to virulence.   Nonliving vaccine antigens i.e. whole, inactivated viruses and specifically recombinant or highly purified subunit vaccines are often weakly immunogenic and need adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine based on antibodies and effector T cell functions to prevent infection. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccines, usually used to stimulate faster, stronger, and long-lasting immune responses to vaccines. It has various roles in vaccine formulations i.e. enhance immune responses to vaccine antigens, provide faster onset of immunity, improving immune responses to immunization in infant or elderly populations, whose immune system are immature or waning, dose sparing, either reducing the quantity of antigen required in the vaccine preparation or reducing the immunization schedule (Coffman, Sher et al. 2010). Adjuvants are absolutely required in subunit vaccines due to the poor immunogenicity of such antigens. There is no single universal adjuvant which can cover all the vaccine requirements. Using single adjuvant has a number of limitations, including induction of weak, improper, and short lived immune responses. For example, alum and MF59 (Kenney and Edelman 2003) are the universally approved adjuvant for human vaccines. Both normally induce a Th2 biased immune responses but not cellular immune responses which required for immunity against intracellular infections. In many novel adjuvant technologies, using multiple adjuvants in combination often act synergistically by stimulating and activating a various type of immune cells. Combination of adjuvants platform is promising and beneficial for suboptimal vaccines and particularly advantageous for vaccines against specific and more susceptible populations, such as neonates and the older adults. In some aspects, the neonate immune system is similar to that of the elderly, both having diminished anti-microbial activity by immune cells, reduce d antigen uptake and presentation by antigen presenting cells and compromised adaptive immune responses (Simon, Hollander et al. 2015). Strong adjuvants may provide an approach to boost immune responses in the both neonates and elderly populations. Most of the studies have combined a delivery system with an immunostimulatory adjuvant, especially combinations with the TLR agonists and MPL. Combination adjuvants have only recently been vigorously explored. Some combinations have been tested in humans and large animals and have yielded promising results. Recently, we developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) which is highly effective with wide range of animal and human vaccine. Novel Combination adjuvant platform for animal vaccines: Veterinary vaccines have been used for several of years, and have an important role in protecting animal health, animal welfare, food production, and public health. They are a cost-effective method to prevent animal disease, improve the food production, greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals and reduce or prevent transmission of zoonotic disease to human. Interestingly, the challenges related with vaccinating animals are stability, low cost, ease of administration etc., require new solutions in vaccine development. Freund introduced a combination of mineral oils and bacterial cell components (Freunds complete adjuvant) for the improvement of vaccine immune responses (Freund et al., 1937). However, many nations are not using the Freunds adjuvant in animals due to its reactivity and side effects. Alum and emulsions based formulations have been successfully used since long time in a wide variety of animal vaccines. However, with an advanced underst anding of the immune system, many new adjuvants (Saponins, Liposomes, virosomes, particle based and TRL ligand) have recently been developed for veterinary applications. A wide range of adjuvants has been successfully used in commercial vaccines for animals and several new technologies are currently in preclinical development. Over the past decade, we have seen several new combination adjuvants, typically contain two and three individual adjuvant components, including MF59â„ ¢ (Novartis Inc.), ASâ„ ¢ (Glaxo Smith Kline Inc.), IC31â„ ¢ (Valneva Inc.) etc. We recently developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) that is contained of three components, namely toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist either PolyI:C or CpG ODN and an immunostimulatory host defense peptide (HDPs) in polyphosphazene carrier system (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). Synthetic PolyI:C and CpG ODNs are well known potent adjuvant with various vaccine antigens and have been shown to enhance immune responses by activating monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and B cells, and induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines   (Krieg 2002; Trumpfheller, Longhi et al. 2012). The second component, HDPs are derivatives of natural host defense peptides, which are cationic amp hipathic peptides with microbicidal, chemotactic and/or immunomodulatory properties (Yeung, Gellatly et al. 2011). HDPs are involved in a range of immune functions including immune cell recruitment (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells and mast cells), innate immune activation, and wound healing (Jenssen, Hamill et al. 2006). The third component, polyphosphazenes are synthetic water-soluble biodegradable polymer with immunostimulatory properties, and forms non-covalent complexes with variety of viral and bacterial antigens and/or other adjuvants to enhance their stability, immunogenicity and allow multimeric presentation (Mutwiri, Benjamin et al. 2007; Andrianov, DeCollibus et al. 2009; Kovacs-Nolan, Latimer et al. 2009; Awate, Wilson et al. 2012). When vaccine antigens were co-formulated with this combination, we found much faster onset of immunity, highly effective even after a single immunization and significantly long lasting, robust, protective immune responses against variety of animal pathogens including bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. The combination adjuvant is stable, cost effective and highly effective in a variety of animals including pigs, sheep, cattle, koalas, cotton rats and mice (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011; Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Snider, Garg et al. 2014; Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). For example, formulation of E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus with TriAdj resulted in strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses, leading to significant protection following pathogen challenge of calves (Snider, Garg et al. 2014). Fusion protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus co-formulated with TriAdj developed significantly higher antibod ies and interferon gamma secretion (Kovacs-Nolan, Mapletoft et al. 2009). Similarly, formulation of S1 domain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and outer membrane protein of chlamydial major   with TriAdj enhanced humoral and cell mediated immune response in pig and koalas respectively (Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Makadiya, Brownlie et al. 2016). Novel Combination adjuvant platform for human vaccines: Several combination adjuvants consisting of a variety of immunomodulators such as Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), montanides, nanoemulsions, and Adjuvant Systems have been developed in recent years and are currently being tested with human vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. The novel adjuvant platform, TriAdj was co-formulated with various human vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. This adjuvant platform is highly effective against a variety of infectious diseases. TriAdj was shown to promote the induction of strong immune responses to various viral and bacterial antigens in multiple animals. For instance, TriAdj in combination with fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), mediated the induction of robust, balanced and long-term protective immunity by stimulating long-lived neutralizing antibodies, memory B and CD8+ T cells against hRSV (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013; Garg, Latimer et al. 2014). In addition, mucosal vaccination with TriAdj formulated antigen induced both systemic and local immunity in neonates, even in the face of maternal antibodies (Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). Similarly, when TriAdj was used with pertussis toxoid of Bordetella pertussis, strong and protective immune responses were found in both mice and pigs against lethal infection with B. pertussis (Gracia, Polewicz et al. 2011; Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011). Furthermore, the vaccine formulated with TriAdj induced a prompt onset, longer duration than existing commercial vaccines and effective after a single vaccination even in the presence of maternal antibodies. (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2013). TriAdj platform was also formulated with influenza virus antigens or chlamydia antigens, which induces strong immune responses in vaccinated animals (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Shim, Ko et al. 2010). The combination of adjuvants was also shown to be suitable for maternal immunization. Vaccination of pregnant animals with TriAdj formulated human vaccines resulted in efficient transfer of maternal antibodies and protection from subsequent challenge of the offspring (Elahi, Buchanan et al. 2006; Garg, Latimer et al. 2016). These results indicate that maternal immunization with TriAdj formulated antigens might be an alternative, safe and effective approach to provide protection against pathogens in newborn and young infants. Furthermore, the adjuvant platform can be formulated into microspheres (100 nm to 2 ÃŽ ¼m) to enhance the mucosal and syt emic immune response following intranasal vaccination (Garlapati, Garg et al. 2012). The TriAdj is expected to have multiple applications for the development of vaccines against multiple respiratory pathogens and possibly other infectious agents. Mechanisms of action of novel Combination adjuvant platform: A number of mechanisms of action were identified for this novel combination adjuvant. For example, TriAdj as a mucosal adjuvant increased antigen uptake by dendritic cells, improved dendritic cell maturation, and more efficient transported to local draining lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells   (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). TriAdj with antigens promoted the production of chemokines, cytokines and inflammatory cytokines, followed by recruitment and activation of several immune cell populations including dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils to the upper and lower respiratory tract, that leads to strong and long-term   protective immune responses of this novel adjuvant formulation (Sarkar, Garg et al. 2016). This was further correlated to the induction of local humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including production of large numbers of IgA secreting memory B cells as well as effective memory CD8+ T cells. TriAdj also promoted increased germinal centre react ions and effective B cell activation and development in the lungs following mucosal immunization (Garg, Theaker et al. 2016). References   Andrianov, A. K., D. P. DeCollibus, et al. (2009). Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] is a potent adjuvant for intradermal immunization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(45): 18936-18941. Awate, S., H. L. Wilson, et al. (2012). Activation of adjuvant core response genes by the novel adjuvant PCEP. Molecular immunology 51(3-4): 292-303. Coffman, R. L., A. Sher, et al. (2010). Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 33(4): 492-503. Elahi, S., R. M. Buchanan, et al. (2006). Maternal immunity provides protection against pertussis in newborn piglets. Infect Immun 74(5): 2619-2627. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2014). Vaccination with the RSV fusion protein formulated with a combination adjuvant induces long-lasting protective immunity. J Gen Virol 95(Pt 5): 1043-1054. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2015). The respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant induces balanced immune responses in lambs with maternal antibodies. Vaccine. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2013). Induction of mucosal immunity and protection by intranasal immunisation with a novel respiratory syncytial virus vaccine formulation. The Journal of general virology. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2016). Maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from RSV in newborn lambs. Vaccine 34(2): 261-269. Garg, R., M. Theaker, et al. (2016). A single intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine formulation induces higher mucosal IgA production than live respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 499: 288-297. Garlapati, S., R. Garg, et al. (2012). Enhanced immune responses and protection by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles. Vaccine 30(35): 5206-5214. Gracia, A., M. Polewicz, et al. (2011). Antibody responses in adult and neonatal BALB/c mice to immunization with novel Bordetella pertussis vaccine formulations. Vaccine 29(8): 1595-1604. Jenssen, H., P. Hamill, et al. (2006). Peptide antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews 19(3): 491-511. Kenney, R. T. and R. Edelman (2003). Survey of human-use adjuvants. Expert review of vaccines 2(2): 167-188. Khan, S. A., C. Waugh, et al. (2014). Vaccination of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with a recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein adjuvanted with poly I:C, a host defense peptide and polyphosphazine, elicits strong and long lasting cellular and humoral immune responses. Vaccine 32(44): 5781-5786. Kindrachuk, J., H. Jenssen, et al. (2009). A novel vaccine adjuvant comprised of a synthetic innate defence regulator peptide and CpG oligonucleotide links innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 27(34): 4662-4671. Kovacs-Nolan, J., L. Latimer, et al. (2009). The novel adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene induces potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Vaccine 27(14): 2055-2064. Kovacs-Nolan, J., J. W. Mapletoft, et al. (2009). Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice. The Journal of general virology 90(Pt 8): 1892-1905. Krieg, A. M. (2002). CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 709-760. Makadiya, N., R. Brownlie, et al. (2016). S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein as a vaccine antigen. Virol J 13: 57. Mutwiri, G., P. Benjamin, et al. (2007). Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) is a potent enhancer of mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses in mice immunized with influenza virus antigens. Vaccine 25(7): 1204-1213. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2011). Influence of maternal antibodies on active pertussis toxoid immunization of neonatal mice and piglets. Vaccine 29(44): 7718-7726. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2013). Novel vaccine formulations against pertussis offer earlier onset of immunity and provide protection in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine 31(31): 3148-3155. Sarkar, I., R. Garg, et al. (2016). Formulation of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with a polymer-based combination adjuvant promotes transient and local innate immune responses and leads to improved adaptive immunity. Vaccine 34(42): 5114-5124. Shim, D. H., H. J. Ko, et al. (2010). Efficacy of poly[di(sodium carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) as mucosal adjuvant to induce protective immunity against respiratory pathogens. Vaccine 28(11): 2311-2317. Simon, A. K., G. A. Hollander, et al. (2015). Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282(1821): 20143085. Snider, M., R. Garg, et al. (2014). The bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein formulated with a novel adjuvant induces strong, balanced immune responses and provides protection from viral challenge in cattle. Vaccine 32(50): 6758-6764. Trumpfheller, C., M. P. Longhi, et al. (2012). Dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccines: a novel approach to induce T-cell immunity. Journal of Internal Medicine 271(2): 183-192. Yeung, A., S. Gellatly, et al. (2011). Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: 1-16.

History Of Green Technology

History Of Green Technology In this new era, technology is improving fast and economic is growing rapidly due to the luxurious lifestyle of human nowadays. We can have as much energy as we want by producing efficiently and continuously. But the negative impact that these energy produce is more than positive impact because of resources that we need to use and waste product that were produce from the process of producing energy such as nuclear energy and coal energy. On the other hand, the rapid growth of industry from agricultural industry to manufacturing industry in the past decades has caused the production of energy to increase. However, the increase in these energy production consume a great amount of resource and will cause pollution to the environment and also people nowadays has already aware of the consequences of pollution that will bring to us in future. Therefore, production of green technology and energy has been increasing in these few years. 1.1 History of Green Technology In the early days, before the industry revolution, people were using the main source, the sun, to generating the heat, they also used the other source to assist their daily life, such as horses as their transportation use, animals like cows and donkeys as their labors, and the wind will use to move the sails and generate the simple machine. However, since the first introduce of modern steam engine by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt in the mid 1700s, people found the possibility of make use of the power of steam. The single steam engines were soon became powering locomotives, factories and farm implements after the coal dug from the miles of England and Appalachia. In the 1800s, more and more natural resources were founded useful and able to bring us a zillion of convenience, such as the oil and petroleum which use in processed the gasoline for machine combustion after that. However, this ease has brought a lot of energy crisis all around the world today due to the huge consumption on the fossil fuels such as the oil, coal and the natural gas in the past decade. Nowadays, green technology can refer to many different things, such as clean energy, renewable energy, sustainable energy, waste management and energy conservation. However, it is hard to find a history specify for green technology in the past. During the 1900s, there were a series of energy crisis in the Middle East and things getting worse in year 1973 when the embargo imposed by the oil producers of Iraq on America led the price of crude oil to rise from $3 per barrel to $12 in year 1974 and almost reach a average price of $45 in year 1980. This decision was in response to the America gave their support for the Israel in the Arab-Israeli War (Yom Kippur War). (Terry Macalister, 3 march 2011) United Stated was awaking by this oil crisis and realized the importance of the energy resources, therefore beginning the initial push for developing the clean energy. In 1978, the National Energy Act became a landmark first step in beginning the research and development of renewable energy, but the push for renewable standards really began in the 1960s. (http://www.greenenergychoice.com/green-guide/renewable-events.html) After that, Madrigal also had a significant research in solar, wind and other alternative energies because there is a sudden change in the energy cost and realization of environmental crisis. These were the evidences to prove that since 1900s, green technology was undergoing a huge and rapid growth until today. In figure 1, the diagram shows the rapid growth of energy consumption from year 1986 to 2011. Figure 1: World primary energy consumption grew by 2.5% in 2011, less than half the growth rate experienced in 2010 but close to the historical average. Rowth decelerated for all regions and for all fuels. Oil remains the worlds leading fuel, accounting for 33.0% of global energy consumption, but this figure is the lowest share on record. Coals market share of 30.3% was the highest since 1969. 1.2 Research Background Energy is very important nowadays in either industrialized country and also consumed by household. Most of the energy is coming from oil and natural gas but unfortunately these resources are depleting when times goes on. Due to this problem, researchers are trying to develop alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency requirement. They have developed many sources of renewable energy which is chemical energy, electrical energy, radiant energy and nuclear energy. Although all these alternatives sources of energy is renewable, but it also pose other negative impact to the environment said Kofi (2002). In some countries, clean energy is produced which is energy that does not produce waste products also known as green energy. According to Bakar, Sam, Tahir, Rajianiand Muslan (2011), green technology is an evolving of various kind of methodologies and materials enhancement. The usage of environmental friendly mechanisms has been increased to reduce the impact resulting from industrial sector wastage and fossil fuel consumption due to researches that has been done by scientists related to green technology pointing to climate changes and global warming due to greenhouse gases. With the threat of global warming and costly energy rising, businesses are starting to realize the benefits of using these technologies to reduce carbon footprint and waste while giving the business a positive results said Zainura (2010). According to Eyraud, Wane, Zhang and Clements (2011), they have done research on renewable energy by analyzing the trends and determinants of investment on green technology for the last decades on advanced and emerging countries. They are using multi-country historical dataset and the results shows that green investment has become an important factor in energy sector which is growing rapidly mostly by China. 1.3 Development of Green Technology There are various types of green technology such as wind power, solar energy, hydroelectric power which is derived from the water movement, biofuels which is derived from burning plants and animals substances., geothermal energy which is derived from the heat that given off by the earth, biomass which is produced by the organic materials such as plants and animals. Figure 2: G20 Renewable Electricity Production C:UsersUserDesktopUntitled.png Source: NRDC, 2012; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012; Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2012 There is a research and data collection prepared by the NRDC, 2012; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012; Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2012 showing some important statistics in percentage of the renewable electricity production and investment of ranked the G20 country. The electricity are produced by various kind of renewable resources such as the wind, solar, geothermal, wave and tidal. (see figure 2) Table 1: Electricity from Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Tidal and Wave in the G20 Countries C:UsersUserDesktopUntitled1.png Source: Natural Resources Defense Council, Energy Information Administration, and Bloomberg New Energy Finance As of 2011, the EU countries are really leading the pack, with Germany the most out of the G20 countries, getting nearly 11% of its energy from renewable sources. Its followed by the EU as a whole with almost 7%, then Italy and Indonesia. Other countries like the U.S., China, Mexico, and Brazil lag behind. The US comes in at seventh place, where its measly 2.7% renewable energy puts it just a hair ahead of Mexico. Russia comes in last, with 0.0% of its energy coming from renewable sources. While all these countries have made important progress since 2002 they are still significantly behind other countries like New Zealand, Spain, Portugal, and Iceland (see table 1). The NRDC also ranked the nations on how much their renewable energy production has grown since 2002. South Korea has had the most growth: it multiplied its then-puny production 200 times, putting it at a still-puny 0.9%. China comes in a distant second, having multiplied its renewable energy more than 80 times. The US is eleventh on that list, having quadrupled its production. Argentina, where production has decreased by 12%, is last. (see table 1) Table 2: Top Countries for Clean Energy Investments in 2011 C:UsersUserDesktopUntitled3.png Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2012 These rising trends are showing up in the investment in clean energy in each of these G20 countries. Since 2002, the G20 countries have cumulatively invested over $860 billion in clean energy, according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The majority of this investment has occurred in the E.U. ($291 billion), followed by the U.S. ($215 billion), China ($197 billion), Brazil ($52 billion), and India ($40 billion). Saudi Arabia, which has spent a pathetic $20 million since 2004, comes in last place. This is because in Saudi Arabia the oil price is still low. In the midst of worldwide renewable energy sector growth, some government policies encouraged renewable energy growth much more effectively than others, such as Germanys feed-in tariffs. The United States has been pursuing renewable energy less aggressively than Germany has, and, in accordance with the saying you reap what you sow, Germany has far more effectively stimulated renewable energy growth. To fully understand the importance of weighing an aggressive growth policy versus a milder one, its important to understand the purpose of encouraging renewable energy usage. Due to the fact that global warming is a time bomb that requires urgent action, a mild growth policy that leaves the United States generating only 2.7% of power from renewable sources is not adequate. Every year that coal power plants dominate, they make a significant contribution to our growing global warming problem. If global warming was not an issue, it could be pursued less aggressively. However, peak oil is a concern as well. The reports authors remind the 20 nations of the commitment they 20 made in 2002 to substantially increase the global share of renewable energy sources. Theyve made a difference: in the G20 countries as a whole, new clean energy investments have increased by almost 600 percent, far outpacing economic growth in those countries. But its not enough, the reports authors warn. Without a striking turnaround, the G20 nations are on no track to meet their goal. The G20 nations as a whole currently use 2.6% renewable energy. Based on current trends, they will be using under 4 percent by 2015, and less than 6 percent by 2020. (Jake Schmidt Aaron Haifly, Jan 2012) Problem Statement 1.4 Research Objective 1.4.1 General Objective: The general objective of this study is to study the factor that enhances the global green technology in economic perspective. Other than that, the purpose of this study is to examine the cointegration and long run relationship among the variables by using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method. Then, we will found out which variables are significantly influenced others and how it does in order to discover a more effective way in doing an enhancement of green technology in global. There are five variables that we used in our study, which are clean energy index (green technology index), fossil fuel price, CO2 permits price, technology index and the market stock price (SP 500). Lastly, the specific objectives of this research are as follow. 1.4.2 Specific Objective: Our specific objectives are as follows: 1. To examine whether clean energy index and fossil fuel price has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 2. To examine whether clean energy index and CO2 permits price has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 3. To examine whether clean energy index and technology index has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 4. To examine whether clean energy index and SP 500 has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 1.5 Research Question Do the clean energy index and fossil fuel price have a significant relationship between each other? Do the clean energy index and CO2 permits price have a significant relationship between each other? Do the clean energy index and technology index have a significant relationship between each other? Do the clean energy index and SP 500 have a significant relationship between each other? 1.6 Hypothesis of the study In our research, we treated all the variables as our dependent variables. Thus in this case there is no need to specify which variables are endogenous variables and which are the exogenous variables by using this VECM method. So, we are going to make a hypotheses to figure out either there are cointegrated and long run relationship exist among these variables. In fact, as we noticed that, the rapidly growing of the green technology globally in recent decades, hence, we are expected that the variables we had chosen will have long run relationship and cointegrated among each others. 1.7 Significant of the study Back to the previous studies, past researcher have stated that the clean energy index, technology index, oil price, interest rate have long run relationship and cointegrated among each other. However, the study had figured out CO2 permits price had no long run relationship and no influenced by other variables (Surender Kumar, 2009). Therefore, in our study, we decided to investigate over the CO2 permits price with other variables again to figure out whether there is an existence of cointegrated and long run relationship among them. Due to the sharply rises of the pollution rate and the energy crisis problems, it has been ring a bell to not only the developed countries but globally including those countries which are still in developing stage. Based on the previously studies, most of the researchers were only focus the area of study on developed countries and some of them are worlds renewable energy leaders (Germany, Denmark, Spain), such as the OECD countries and G20 nations. On the other hand, contribution of other small countries also cant be neglected. So, it is important to investigate other developing countries which are also undergoing a huge improvement in their clean energy growth such as Iceland, Lesotho, Albania, Paraguay, Bhutan and Mozambique. Therefore, we decided to do a globally research on our topic. Besides that, the government and future researcher may use this study as their references. For example, government will get benefit by have some ideas with how to enhance their green technology due to the past research had stated that the country gross domestic production has a positive relationship directly with the green technology growth. Furthermore, future researcher can do a review on this study and they may do a more reliable with future theory. 1.8 Chapter Layout In chapter one, which is the introductory chapter includes background and definition of green technology and how it benefits to the environment, problem statement, objectives, hypothesis and lastly theoretical framework. In the background and definition part, we discuss about the importance of clean energy also known as renewable energy and what is benefits it will bring to our environment. After that, our research will continue to problem statement. In this part, we will discuss about the problem and issue of the research topic in detail. Then we will proceed to next part which is the objective. It is separated into two parts that is general objective which is the main objective of our research and specific objective which is specific idea of what we are going to test. And lastly we will continue with theoretical framework that is the structure that supports the theory of a research study. In this part, we will include and describes the theory that we use and apply in this research.

XML Application for Business Processes :: essays research papers

XML | Applications for Business Process Analysis & Design Introduced in 1996, Extensible Markup Language (XML) was initially intended to function in the place of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) as the standard format used to define online document structure (Obasanjo, 2003). These intentions are proving inevitable as business organizations begin to realize the real potential found in the family of XML technologies. Potential in terms of improvement in information management practices measured by a company’s reduction in time and overhead. One such organization that has actually realized these benefits in several facets of their operations is Freightliner, a division of Daimler Chrysler who designs, manufactures, and sells specialized commercial vehicles and will be detailed later (Kotok, 2003). XML has proven to be more than simply an advanced version of HTML. It is helping to create a common language for intra and inter-organizational business processes (Obasanjo, 2003). Several aspects unique to XML set it apart from its parent Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and sibling HTML. These are the same aspects spurring a community of software developers, enterprise leaders, and standards commissions to focus on this budding technology as the lingua franca of document exchange (Geyer, 2003). The meta-language not only defines webpage format but also is actually able to provide descriptions of tabular, structured, and semi-structured data. Network protocols, relational databases, program configuration files, web pages, technical drawings and business documents are all examples of these common data forms found in everyday business operations (Obasanjo, 2003). Like HTML, XML incorporates tags that bracket words and attributes. XML, however, uses these tags to define the data leaving the task of interpretation up to the application employing the data. This undefined vocabulary feature allows extensibility in that industry specific terminology is no longer a programming hurdle as in the past (Bos, 1999). XML applications can easily be tailored to plug in and bridge the communication between once stand-alone software. Resource intensive new software investments can be avoided by making use of existing databases and familiar programs. XML can be used with a large assortment of other languages and is not specific to any one operating system or vendor. It is text based and Unicode compliant and can be translated into the many commonly used written languages (Walsh, 2003). This allows for more businesses that run a variety of platforms and operate internationally to take advantage of this technology. Along with XML comes a family of helpful resources designed to automate frequently used tasks and offers services to make writing the language efficient and user friendly.

Essay --

Introduction Antibiotic is important in defending disease causing bacteria, pathogens and virus. Antibiotic resistance or drug or antimicrobial resistance means the ability of microorganism to defend against the effect caused by antibiotic. According to World Health Organization (2006), aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic animals and plants in a restricted environment. Chatterjee and Haldar (2012) reported that almost one-third of the total fish supply in the world is contributed by aquaculture for domestic consumption. Annually, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture has reported that aquaculture possesses an average increase of 8.3%. The development of antibiotic resistance bacteria is due to the usage of antibiotic in the feeds and immersion therapy (McPhearson, DePoala, Zywno, Motes Jr, & Guarino, 1991). The examples of antibiotic resistance bacteria that can be found in aquaculture water discharge are Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio vulnificus and Plesiomonas shi gelloides (Hernandez Serrano, 2005). When human handle and consume these aquatic organisms, they may be exposed to some diseases which results in public health issue. Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) is a Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped bacterium that lives freely in estuarine, marine and freshwater environment associated with aquatic animals. It can be isolated from water, sediments and seafood from seawater and aquaculture water (Jones & Oliver, 2009). Higher concentration of V. vulnificus can be found during summer when water temperature increases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Hence, V. vulnificus is also termed as halophiles as they are found in salty and high temperature environme... ...d-development-of-rapid-and-accurate-identification-methods-2155-9910.S1-002.pdf Hernandez Serrano, P. (2005). Responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture. Retrieved form ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0282e/a0282e00.pdf McPhearson, R. M., DePoala, A., Zywno, S. R., Motes Jr., M. L., & Guarino, A. M. (1991). Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria from cultured catfish and aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture, 99, 203-211. Morris, J. G. (2013). Vibrio vulnificus infections. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infections Todar, K. (2009). The microbial world. Retrieved from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/homepage.html World Health Organization. (2006). Antimicrobial use in aquaculture and antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/foodborne_diseases/aquaculture_ rep_13_16june2006%20.pdf

Comparing Common Characteristics of The Trial and Nausea :: comparison compare contrast essays

Common Characteristics of The Trial and Nausea I am happy I took the opportunity to explore Jean-Paul Sartre's Nausea and Franz Kafka's The Trial. These novels are considered by many to be two of the definitive works representing Existentialist philosophy. Many other authors have dealt with the subject of existence in the form of a novel, most notably Samuel Beckett (Molloy) and Albert Camus (A Happy Death). Existentialist ideas have even slipped into the works of authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Joseph Heller. The Trial and Nausea have a great number of common characteristics. Obviously, Existentialism is an important theme in both The Trial and Nausea. The background of this philosophy creates a solid foundation on which the novels develop. Both novels contain a high level of absurdity, which is used as a device to clarify common life experiences that are often overlooked. The protagonist in each novel is presented in an isolated environment. Each character deals with enormous inner turmoil while trying to find meaning in his life. Both novels were written in Europe in the late 1930's, at a time when World War II was beginning to invade the lives of Europeans. Hitler's dominance of human minds was most likely a strong influence on the thought processes displayed by the Existentialists. This mode of thought seems a reasonable reaction to the massive destruction of individual worth and freedom that takes place at times of war. The conceptions of existence have influenced many writers. A specific school of writers, the Existentialists, chose to focus solely on unraveling the mysteries of existence. Sartre and Kafka were two of the most influential and famous writers of the Existentialist school. Sartre, in addition to his acclaim as a novelist, received considerable acclaim as a philosopher. Some critics, on the other hand, were strongly opposed to any notion of the Existentialist mode of thinking.

A Rebuttal to Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Essay

If there’s one thing that would make the highly religious person infuriated, that one thing would probably be the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin. Quite a rugged assumption but a little true nonetheless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Religion, as a social institution, derives much of its foundations on several bearings; the most important being the Theory of Creationism. Under this theory (or belief?), humanity, the universe and life in general were all created in their original form by an Almighty Being or by an Inevitable Force. Usually, this refers to the deity or deities of a certain commune’s religious beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Theory of Evolution, on the other hand, portends that humanity, or life itself, emerged through a series of trial and errors wherein the fittest species among all others emerged victorious over nature’s anarchic character. The idea of a certain animal â€Å"branching off† from its original species to produce a different kind of breed is what the Theory of Evolution calls Natural Selection. By Natural Selection, the theory explains that certain unique features and/or characteristics possessed by a select few would inevitably allow them/it to have a higher chance of survival against those who do possess none of the same features and/or characteristics. For instance, assume that a species of birds uncannily produce a hatchling that possess a rather larger and longer beak than its original counterparts. By having this feature, the bird is now able to catch and eat more food as compared to the other birds of the same species that possess shorter and smaller (otherwise, â€Å"normal†) beaks. The theory claims that once this unique bird reproduces its own hatchlings, the unique features and characteristics it possessed would most likely be passed on; thus, eventually perpetuating the idea of the introduction of a different kind of species of birds that possess longer and larger beaks. And since having longer and larger beaks enables these birds (those which possess it) to catch, gather and eat more food, the natural balance of the food chain is automatically shifted unequally. Being that the birds with the shorter and smaller beaks will always be outcompeted by the new species with longer and larger beaks, the original species (otherwise, â€Å"old†) will probably end up being extinct. This idea is further supported by the theory’s most famous notion, â€Å"The Survival of the Fittest†. In the simplest sense, the theory states that those who are genetically â€Å"strong† as compared to the others will be the ones who will survive. As applied in the case of the birds, it was the newly developed species which seemed to be the â€Å"fittest† against their original counterparts. As such, their survival was ensured; branching off into a higher level of species and eliminating the rather â€Å"weak† species.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding the Theory of Evolution in its general sense is not an easy task. For one thing, the theory itself is now including several different kinds of supposed facts to support Charles Darwin’s original theory (now referred to as Neo-Darwinism). Furthermore, its underlying principles and hypotheses do not lie alone on biology but also on genetics and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As if understanding the theory is hard enough, debunking the theory is an even harder task. Supporters of the Creationist Theory will always be under attack by the supporters of the Evolutionist Theory. This unbelievable dedication of faith and belief towards the Theory of Evolution is considered an awesome phenomenon similar to that of Catholicism’s rise as a predominant religion in the late Middle Ages. In other words, the Theory itself, ironically, is now becoming a religion in many ways. Henceforth, as hard as it is to debunk the Creationist Theory, the same will now be likewise to the Evolutionist Theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Going back to the theory’s initial stages, however, it would seem rather easy to refute Charles Darwin’s findings. Compared to the status of the Theory of Evolution at present, the status of Darwin’s theory in the past (as he presented it) remained attractive to questions of veracity and factuality. For many, though it seemed credible, it was also contestable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, Darwin’s Theory does not explain fully the derivation and/or origins of humankind as deduced from that of primates. Sure, there are many similarities existing between humans and Apes. But the Theory never really explained why or how humankind technically â€Å"branched off† from the original species of primates. Even if we use the notion of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†, none of the pieces still seem to fit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, let us assume that a group of Chimpanzees produce an offspring that is clearly â€Å"smarter† than the rest of the clan. Now, that offspring immediately becomes the â€Å"fittest† among them. Still, it would be somehow impossible to deduce that this special primate would reproduce a couple more uniquely smart primates that would eventually start an hereditary cycle; causing the almost â€Å"accidental† creation of a new species. Even if that somehow became possible over a course of billions of years, it would still not explain how humankind developed a sense of wearing clothes, cook their food and establish a unique language that is clearly different to that of their original counterparts. Furthermore, some possible explanations regarding the loss of bodily hair, the shortening of the mandibles and other such anatomic inquiries remain in question for the theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, the development of a certain organ was never fully explained by the great man himself. Take a look at birds, for instance. The development of birds, from land creatures to fowls of the air, is clearly unsupported by the theory. As the theory explains, evolution occurs overtime through a course of millions of years. If so, how did the development of wings benefit the earliest species of birds? Imagine an ancient â€Å"bird† that started growing small â€Å"wings†. Of course, since these are small, it cannot benefit the animal in any way other than be a burden. As such, the status of â€Å"fittest† is automatically removed. Ultimately, the species – who were just starting to develop their own wings – would’ve become extinct and lost to the supposed â€Å"survival†. On the other hand, looking at the picture the other way around, it seems almost impossible that a group of land creatures would suddenly hatch (or give birth) to an hatchling that naturally or immediately possess wings – it would just not make sense. For the Theory of Evolution – and the notion of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† – to work, organs and other characteristics must be present at once and not in a continual process that would take billions of years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the Theory of Evolution never really explained how the complex development of the human mind occurred. Just how exactly did human beings develop a sense of rationalization? How did they come to have a sense of beauty? How about a sense of free will? If humans with mental disabilities continue to breed for thousands of years, would the existence of a unique race of mentally disabled men and women become a possibility? How did evolution come to develop a mind that is so complex and comprehensive as compared to other creatures? These are just some of the questions that truly pose a great threat to the Theory of Evolution (during Darwin’s time at least).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Charles Darwin presented his Theory to the Academic Community, the Theory of Evolution was not as strong as it was today. By all means, it was easily contestable. After a couple of decades, however, the Theory gained so many supporters that even the Scientific Community now almost completely adheres to its principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Until the adherents of the Theory of Evolution do not find concrete answers to some of the questions posed above, the theory will forever only remain as such – a theory. Similarly, the Creationist Theory also possesses the same dilemma. Clearly, that is one reason why both theories – despite after several decades – still continue to battle each other out for supremacy (which is ironically a pun of the notion â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† itself). Cited Sources: Campbell, J. A. and Meyer, S. C. (2005) Evolution: Debate it. USA Today December 5, 2007 from Dean, C. (2005) Opting Out in the Debate on Evolution. The New York Times December 5, 2007 from Futuyma, D. J. (2005). Evolution. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Scott, E. C. and Branch, G. (2005) Evolution: Just Teach it. USA Today December 5, 2007 from Smith, J. M. (1993) The Theory of Evolution. Cambridge University Press Weiss, R. and Brown, D. (2005) New Analyses Bolster Central Tenets of Evolution Theory Washington Post December 5, 2007 from   

Marketing Strategy Essay

magic spell theres merit in evaluating the schema from a qualitative bandstand (its completeness, immanent consistency, rationale, and relevance), the best quantitative severalise of how healthful a high societys scheme is working comes from its result. The stronger a lodges menstruum everywhereall surgical procedure, the slight likely the need for radical changes in dodging. The weaker a communitys fiscal performance and market standing, the more its current emergeline must be questioned. Organizations observe in a matched market place over the long run because they john do certain things their customers regard as stop than their competitors e. offering relegate tonicity produces with cheaper prices. initiatory we must understand what is the current strategy the association is implementing now 1. A affordable leader strategystriving to be the overall minor- woo digestr of a product or service that appeals to a massive range of customers ie concente r on existence the lowest salute provider e. g Lidyl, and tal- Lira. 2.A broad incompatibleiation strategyseeking to stigmatise the bon tons product offerings from competitions in ways that will appeal to a broad range of buyers i. they want to specify from their rivals ie by offering something various eg, Apple and Rolex as a p informalityige brand, Dr. Pepper with a different taste, Wal-Mart with shelter and more for your cash. 3. A best-cost provider strategygiving customers more value for the money by emphasizing both low cost and upscale difference, the goal being to keep be and prices lower than those of early(a) providers of comparable feature and features (a couple of ex axerophtholles be the Honda and Toyota car companies with customer satisfaction ratings that rival those of much more expensive cars). . A contracted, or market-niche, strategy based on lower costconcentrating on a narrow buyer segment and outcompeting rivals on the basis of lower cost (The counterpane is a pricy example).A focused, or market-niche, strategy based on specialisationoffering niche members a product or service customized to their tastes and requirements examples atomic number 18 Rolls-Royce (sells hold in number of high-end, custom-built cars) and mens big and tall shops (sell mainstream styles to a restrict market with ad hoc requirements) i. they aim to focus on a particular butt market eg constructions at madliena targeting high caste people, or do they try to be the best cost provider ie providing value for money products. Approaches to prizeing how well the give way strategy is working Qualitative assessement Is the strategy well conceived, is it well thought ie The strategy should be consistent with the wad and mission of the guild, it should be in inventory with the current market contracts.Quantitative assessement It is the ginmill of return on total investment, Is the strategy being implemented resulting in high profits for the guild? This means that a goodish strategy should result in an above industry performance. Key Indicators of How puff up the Strategy is Working See the trend in sales/market fortune Acquiring/retaining modernistic customers Detecting how well is your image and reputation and overall fiscal strenghth Question 2. What Are the telephoners imaginativeness Strength and Weaknesses and Its international Opportunities and Threats? rise summary provides a good overview of whether the companys overall daub is fundamentally healthy or unhealthy. A fine bone up analysis provides the basis for crafting a strategy that capitalizes on the companys imagerys, aims squ arely at capturing the companys best opportunities, and defends against the threats to its wll-being. A imaginativeness efficacys is something a company is good at doing or an attribute that enhances its conflict in the marketplace. mental imagery efficacys can take any of these forms a skill-an area of specialized exper tness, or a warlikely key capability, important somatogenic assets, important human assets and intellectual capital, valuable organizational assets, valuable intangible assets, an effect or attribute that puts the company in a position of market advantage. A talent(abilta li jaghmlu xi haga ahjar minn kumpaniji ohra) is an activity that a company has learned to perform well. It is some always the product of experience, representing an accumulation of attainment and the buildup of advancement in performing an informal activity.A effect competence is a competitively important activity that a company performs split up than former(a) internal activities. A classifiable competence is a competitively important activity that a company perfoms better than its rivals it thus represents a competitively superior vision authority. The competitive power of a resource intensity level is measured by these four tests is the resource really competitively valuable? Is the resource st rength rare? Is the resource strength hard to copy? Can the resource strength be trumped by comforter resource strengths and competitive capabilities?Competitively valuable resource strengths and competencies call for the use of a resource based strategy. Core theory of Resource-based strategy is that it uses a companys valuable resources strengths and competitive capabilities to chuck up the sponge value to customers in ways rivals find it unmanageable to match, advised to pass on a particular industry opportunity unless the company has or can acquire the resources to grip it. It is managements job to report the threats to the companys prospects and to evaluate what strategic actions can be taken to scourge or lessen their impact.SWOT analysis are move conslusions from the SWOT listings nigh the companys overall situation, and translating these conslusions into strategic actions to better match the companys strategy to its resource strengths and market opportunities, to p ay the important helplessnesses, and to defend against external threats. The last-place piece of SWOT analysis is to empathise the diagnosis of the companys situation into actions for improving the companys strategy and channel prospects. What are the companys resource strengths and weaknesses, and its external opportunities and threats?A SWOT analysis provides an overview of a starchys situation and is an essential component of crafting a strategy tightly matched to the companys situation. The two most important move of SWOT analysis are (1) drawing conclusions almost what story the compilation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats tells about the companys overall situation, and (2) performing on those conclusions to better match the companys strategy, to its resource strengths and market opportunities, to slide down the important weaknesses, and to defend against external threats.A companys resource strengths, competencies, and competitive capabilities are s trategically relevant because they are the most logical and appealing edifice blocks for strategy resource weaknesses are important because they may represent vulnerabilities that need correction. External opportunities and threats come into play because a good strategy necessarily aims at capturing a companys most winning opportunities and at defending against threats to its well-being.A strength is something a square does well that enhances its competitiveness eg alliancing. gild Competencies and Capabilities Competencies are assumed to be the companys valuable resources dexterity A cogency is anything a byplay does well. A business may receive numerous competencies. For example a manufacturing company might be extremely triple-crown in keeping its number of defects per kilobyte units produced extremely low. The Companies Competencies and Capabilities stem from skills, expertise, and experience (esperjenza li kibbret maz-zmien usually representing an accumulation of lea rning over time and gradual buildup of real proficiency in performing an activity. i. e il-kumpetenza ta kumpanija tigi through the buildup of performing the activity ghax taghmel l-istess attivita kontinwament u l-esperjenzi li jkollha matul l-operations taghha) Core Competency A union dexterity is a competency of the business that is essential to its overall performance and success.If this company held itself out to the market as a reliable manufacturer of quality products, this could easily be a core competency, because the ability to consistently provide quality products is a key to its business model. (Core competence tfisser l kompetenza ta xi kumpanija li hija centrali ghall-kumpanija, fejn permezz ta din ilkompetenza se tikkumbatti tajjeb lil competitors l ohra u se tiddistingwixxi ruhha minn ma kumpaniji ohrajn. Importanti li din il kompetenza tkun giet through l-esperjenza tal haddiema eg.Jien immur ghand Toni & Guy ghax jogghobni il-way kif jaqta x-xaghar, immure gh and dak ir-restaurant ghax jaghmel ricetti tajbin tal-hut, expertise in integrating multiple technologies to get to new products. ) Distinctive Competency eg Toyota (low cost high quality manufacturing of motor vehicles and Starbucks advanced(a) coffee drinks and store ambience A characteristic competency is any competency that distinguishes a company from its competitors.A distinctive competency is typically a core competency that truly distinguishes a company from the rest of the competition. For example, one of Googles distinctive competencies is its name recognition and status as the most famous search engine. This competency is hard for competitors to imitate and sets Google apart from the rest of the market (Distinctive competence of a profligate refers to a set of activities or capabilities that a company is able to perform better than its competitors and which gives it an advantage over them.Distinctive competence can lie in different area such as technology, marketing. They provide sustainable competitive advantage because these are hard to copy. ) Identifying Resource Weaknesses and Competitve Deficiencies After puting the Companys strengths we will now identify the companys weaknesses. * A weakness is something a firm lacks, does poorly, or a condition placing it at a disadvantage. Resource weaknesses relate to Inferior skills, expertise. * Missing capabilities in key areas Identifying a Companys Market Opportunities.Opportunities most relevant to a company are those offering tempting prospects which reflect financial growth, is a good resource to outcompete your rivals, good match with its financial and organizational resource capabilities jigifiri li l-opportunitajiet ikunu addatati ghall-kumpanija e,g taghraf li tista tidhol ghall xi sistema gdida eg xetra trading system fejn tista ggib new listings. Identofying External Threats Some possibilities are that other competitors will * Emerg cheaper/better technologies * Introduce better products * Entry of lower-cost foreign competitors * Onerous regulations intensify in interest rates * uncomplimentary demographic shifts changes fit-tastes tan nies * Adverse shifts in foreign exchange rates * policy-making turmoil and/or burdensome presidency policies Question 3 Are the Companys Prices and Costs Competitive The heading of a company is to do things that in the long run create value for buyers. Assessing whether a firms costs are competitive with those of rivals is a crucial part of company situation analysis. One can assess whether a firms costs are competitive through 2 Key analytical tools * Value arrange analysis * BenchmarkingValue twine depth psychology describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. * The value chain of mountains (A value chain is a chain of activities that a firm operating in a specific industry performs in order to deliver something valuable (product or ser vice), Value Chain Analysis is one way of identifying which activities are best undertaken by a business and which are best provided by others (out sourced). It contains two types of activities * Primary activities those that are instanter concerned with creating and elivering a product.