Mercks transition to open innovation strategy Essay

Mercks transition to open innovation strategy - Essay Example The paper will focus on the open innovation strategy by Merck pharmaceutical company in form of merging with Schering-Plough. The writer will provide answers to the following questions: 1. Can open innovation help Merck meet the needs of its customers in creative and cost effective ways that also bring value to its shareholders. Why or why not? 2. Assuming open innovative is the path to follow, what implementation issues would you expect? How would Merck overcome its cultural resistance to change? 3. What positive or negative effects will the recent Schering Plough Merger have on Merck’s transition to a more open innovation strategy? Introduction. Merck historically believed in closed innovation strategy. This involves ideas being developed from within the company and the resulting products manufactured and marketed. On the contrary, open innovation involves the search for new ideas from outside and including them in business models. This is through bringing new ideas, personnel and technologies. Open innovation also allows some knowledge to flow outside the companies to other people. Most companies do not use their original technologies because it may be too costly making these ideas unutilized. Open innovations allows some of these good ideas to be shared to companies where they will be put into use. Therefore, open innovations make companies more creative in terms of research and development. ... It has achieved all this success at only one sixth of the cost. Since the approach has worked in other companies, it can also work in Merck. Through open innovation, Merck can develop new cost effective ideas and products. The breakthrough for such products can bring great sales for the company thus benefiting the shareholders. (Rothaemel, 2008) Question 5: Assuming open innovative is the path to follow, what implementation issues would you expect? How would Merck overcome its cultural resistance to change? Merck has been deeply rooted in the culture of closed innovation. This is the culture that they are the best in what they do and need no assistance from outside. Merck assumed that they had the best and brightest personnel. They believe that whatever they invented was the best. Merck believed that all great discoveries were to be unveiled at Merck. This overconfident notion was deeply instilled in the minds of the people at Merck. This makes everyone in the company to be very rigi d to any sought of change. Implementing the new open innovation strategy would therefore, be difficult because of this rigidness. The workers people have strong believe in themselves and would resist any new idea from outside. It would be a problem for the workers at Merck to adapt and accept this change (Rothaemel, 2008). Therefore, for successful development of open innovation at Merck, change has to start with each person. Change from the use of closed innovation to open innovation would mean that people have to change their attitudes and minds. This would erase the earlier culture of closed innovation and replaced it with open innovation. The resistance to change can be dealt with by sending top

Friendship or interpersonal relationship Essay Example for Free

Friendship or interpersonal relationship Essay The elderly in this study regarded friendship/interpersonal relationship differently and this difference was reflected in the data analysis. As suggested by the findings, many of them seemed not to be interested in getting closer or establishing friendship with others even with the co-residents of the home. Probably the theoretical reason behind this apparent ‘detachment’ could be found in the disengagement theory on aging. It postulates that as people age, they progressively withdraw from social, physical, and emotional interaction with the world. The long standing friendships from the past and the current friendship among the elderly in the home for the aged contributed much to the well-being/happiness of a little more than half of the total participants, the elderly. Friends appear to be most significant to older adults as a source of enjoyment, socializing, and talking about â€Å"good old times† which results in satisfaction with life (Campbell, 1976). The findings expounded that only half of the participants had this influence of friendship on their life whereas the other half did not. The following assertion of Pinquart, Sorensen (2000) would explain this situation: As friends are typically members of the same age group and often share personal characteristics, cohort experiences, life styles; higher similarity in values and experiences may promote a higher satisfaction with friendships and thus a larger influence of friendship on SWB in old age. Authority and Caregivers. The third meaningful relationship among the institutionalized elderly which gave satisfying results in their life was their relationhip with the people in responsibility or in other words the significant people in their present stage and situation of life. According to Carstensen et al. (1996, in Pinquart, Sorensen, 2000) close and long-term contacts are important and give individuals a sense of stability in their past and anticipated future, especially among elderly persons. The findings in the study showed there was a general consensus that the elderly maintained a positive relationship with the authority. It gave them a sense of importance, feeling of security and it affirmed their sense of worth. This friendly relationship seemed to be positively affecting the subjective experience of wellbeing of the institutionalized aged because as several studies have shown most elderly individuals expect emotional support from their children/family members (Ignersoll-Dayton Antonicci, 1988), and this â€Å"invisible providers† are being substituted by the authority and the caregivers in the institutional set up. Besides, positive relationships are helpful in dealing with stressors, which in turn enhance SWB (Sorensen Pinquart, 2000). Studies have also established that people supported by close relationships with family, friends, or other support groups are less vulnerable to ill health and premature death (Doress-Worters Siegel, 1994). Social Interest/Altruism The results reflected that social interest had considerable impact on the sense of wellbeing experienced by the elderly though not many in the home for the aged. The elderly’ interest in reaching out/altruism is supported by findings in the study done by Ryff (1989) on middle aged and older men and women. His study had proven that altruism is highly correlated to sense of well-being as it gave a sense of meaning and fulfillment in the lives of the respondents. According to Thomas Chambers (1989) empathy and altruism are manifestations of social interest and the greatest regret associated with decline of physical ability among the aged is the decreasing ability to engage in â€Å"social work. † The findings showed what Victor Frankl said to be true: a sense of life meaning ensues when we learn to transcend ourselves, when we have forgotten ourselves and become absorbed in someone or something outside of us (As cited in West, 2000). The findings also brought to light a reality that in general many of the elderly of the study were found to be more â€Å"self-oriented† than â€Å"other-oriented† and did not want to engage in any social activities notwithstanding the fact that many of them do reach out to others in their own limited capacity. This observation could be tied up with the disengagement theory that as people age they progressively withdraw from social, physical, and emotional interaction with the world. As they gradually disengage themselves, the society too withdraws from its engagement with the aging person. Interestingly, a few of the elderly felt that they have already done enough and it was their time for rest and didn’t want to be socially involved in any way. This behavioral pattern found in the nature of the elderly could one way be justified the light of the observation made by Warr, Miles Platts, (2001). Older people were found to be, for instance, more conscientious, traditional and careful in interaction with others, and less sociable, outgoing, change oriented and career oriented. Given this milieu, the question arises, as other studies have already indicated if social interest or altruism is one of the contributing factors toward experiencing a subjective sense of well-being among the elderly, how this finding could be explained in the context of the elderly of this study. It is also questionable whether the reason for this withdrawal is due to their status transition, the experience of ‘dethronement’: and the message conveyed to them that they are no longer useful or wanted by the family and the society. Butler et al. (1998) observed that ordinarily, elderly people regard institutionalization as a last resort as they perceive it is a kind of ‘abandonment. ’ This can result in a loss of self-esteem (Suh Suh, 1999) of the once independent, proud, revered persons when they are dispelled into an insignificant existence in a home which is not their home. This is yet to be explored whether the disengagement of theory on aging happen to be a self-fulfilling prophecy in the lives of the elderly.

The Life and Work of Katherine Mansfield Essays -- Biography Katherine

The Life and Work of Katherine Mansfield Born as Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp in Wellington, New Zealand in the year 1888, Katherine Mansfield has long been celebrated as New Zealand’s most influential and important writer. Daughter of Annie Dyer and Herold Beauchamp, Mansfield was born to a wealthy businessman and a mother who was often thought to have been â€Å"aloof†. Attending school at a young age, Mansfield went to Wellington GC as well as Miss Swainson’s private school before being sent to Queen’s college in London for a more formal education. At Queen’s, Mansfield learned to speak French and German, and also took up the cello. It was here that Mansfield first began to write her prose and poetic work (Robinson). During her three years spent at college, perhaps Kathleen’s most important lessons were learned through her rebellious activities and desire to break free from the socialized standards she was continuously exposed to. She would write to class mates about loathing mar riage, saying â€Å"The idea of sitting and waiting for a husband is absolutely revolting and it really is the attitude of a great many girls...† (Wilkins). By the time Kathleen returned to New Zealand in 1906, she was filled with ideas for an adventurous, unconventional life that lead her on a long string of relationship infatuations with both men and women, as well as out of the ordinary exploits into the wilderness of New Zealand. She felt uncomfortable and detached from her homeland, and found Wellington to be â€Å"provincial† (Robinson). It took Kathleen twenty months to convince her Father to allow her to go, but in 1908, Mansfield found herself traveling back to â€Å"Mother England†, which meant she would be leaving her home forever at the age of twenty.... ...od of Katherine Mansfield. In heavy detail, it describes the year-by-year events of Mansfield’s life, from parental conflict to her relationships with men and women. A very detailed and thorough look into Mansfield’s career. Wilkins, Damien. â€Å"The New Zealand Edge: Heros†¦ Katherine Mansfield.† NZEdge.com. Monday 10 Oct.2005. Another wonderful biography of Mansfield that also offers the commonly held opinions of her fellow New Zealanders on the writer, Wilkins creates a well-rounded piece on Katherine’s life and work. This website presents Katherine as an idol for modern writers and a revolutionary figure in the complete overhaul of the short story. It details a great deal upon the opinions and personal views of Mansfield herself, which offers a very thorough and unique perspective into the life of the author.

We Are What We Eat

I have interviewed 2 of my family members, my mother and father about their identity and their favorite food. My father said,† I am a Honoring of course, although I born in China, I have grown up and lived in Hong Kong for 30 years. † He came to Hong Kong from Shanghai, China to study secondary school when he was 13 years old. The poor policy and living environment in China are the main reasons he do not think he is a Chinese, he lived in a dirty village and did not have chance to study when he had lived in Mainland.Besides, his favorite food is rice because he loves the warm feeling inside belly after eating rice and it is quite cheap. My mother is a born and raised Honoring, however, she said that she thought she is a Chinese as Hong Kong is a part of China. I was quite shocked after hearing her answer. She is a typical Honoring, lived In a small public house with many family members and studied very hard every day when she was young.China can stabilize and facilitate H ong Kong is the main reason she think that she Is a Chinese. Her favorite food Is noodles since she do not like to chew many times inside the mouth and she like to eat some hot and cooked food when having meals. In fact, after the discussion with my parents, I found that their choice of favorite DOD is different, but there still Include similarity Inside. Both of their choice of food Is Chinese traditional food and they also quite popular In Hong Kong nowadays.Thus, I agree with the saying of ‘we are what we eat'. From the two Interviews above, It Is obvious to link up their Identity and values and their favor of the food. Their birthplace and growing place affect a lot of this favor of food. As they are In the same generation and similar birthplace, they are both favorite In some Chinese traditional food. Even though they are In different genders and personalities.

Are We Happier Than Our Forefathers?

Long years ago stress was never a part of anyone’s dictionary. However, today it is the most common word used by everyone ranging from a 13-year-old child to a 95 year old adult. What is the reason behind the frequent usage of this word in the modern times? Earlier, primitive man survived on bare essentials of life & yet he was stress free but today even though technology has gifted a luxurious life to man we are stressed. Earlier man had to roam from place to place in search of food & shelter. Today the modern man can even work by sitting at home through technologies like laptops & cellular phones. Yet today man has been confronted by various diseases & has to tackle stress. Why is it that a primitive man working several times harder than the modern man had time for pleasure activities but a modern man has to make work his leisure and work to no end. Technology & modern equipments were to make man’s life stress free & relaxed but instead it had has adverse effects on man’s life. A few centuries man had not even heard of fatal diseases like â€Å" aids† however today every research & technology is being to find a treatment for this disease. Man has found medicines & treatments for the tiniest of the creatures on this earth but yet has failed to discover a cure, which would save the life of a fellow mate. Science and technology has made it possible to reach the moon but is it of any use because we don’t have time to go & even meet out old parents who have taught us what a moon is & how to reach there. These facts make me think, â€Å" Are we happier than our forefathers? † in my opinion we are not as happy as they were. Our forefathers lived a stress free, contented & happy life but today these words are only seen in the dictionary. If we desire to live like our forefathers then it could only be possible in the Himalayas because in this world we require money for minimal needs & necessities & to earn that also we have to work very hard. Working hard would mean work during the day accompanied by work through the night. Is this called being happy?

Black Masculinity Essay Essay Example

Black Masculinity Essay Essay Example Black Masculinity Essay Essay Black Masculinity Essay Essay Essay Topic: Black Boy The Beast in the Jungle What is an cultural group? An cultural group is a human population whose members identify with each other. normally on the footing of a presumed common family tree or lineage. These cultural groups are normally united by shared cultural values. common Fieldss of communicating. or spiritual patterns. So possibly the theory of Black maleness can be considered an cultural group. There is the obvious factors of being ‘Black’ and ‘male’ that connects these members in this group ; they have skin colour and gender in common. Possibly this cultural group has come together to be more so merely a group who have race and gender in common. It goes beyond that and Black maleness has members who are non ‘Black’ . Possibly this inquiries if history. lineage. and family tree are factored in when going a members of a group. But will these members be genuinely accepted in the cult of Black maleness. Within the dominant civilization African American work forces have developed their ain sense of individuality. These work forces have integrated themselves into American society making a civilization of their ain. They have established a linguistic communication. a sense of frock. and behaviours. These protocols help this group of work forces emphasize their ethnicity and gender. Members of this group who follow these traits are considered to be portion of the cult of Black maleness. What is go oning is that white work forces. because of the influence of dad civilization. are pervading the boundaries of the Black masculine cult. This is an experience of somewhat rearward assimilation. At first it was the assimilation of the Black adult male into the white man’s universe and now it is as if functions are reversed. How the white work forces see the Black maleness portrayed through the media and want to be portion of it. Anthropologist Fredrik Barth specifies three conditions under which cultural groups develop and define themselves: ( a ) a dominant civilization is present with the power to keep conditions whereby other groups of people. ( B ) are stereotyped. and ( degree Celsius ) are constrained to certain functions that function complementarily in the general civilization. Barth argues that cultural differentiations are born out of struggle. The above conditions are necessary for the care of cultural differentiations. So. the care of cultural diverseness requires domination by one group of the remainder. Using Barth’s definition of what an cultural group is and which boundaries are defined by these regulations this paper will turn out how Black maleness conforms to these guidelines set uping them as an cultural group within the dominant civilization. This paper will besides research the difference that is expressed by black males in American civilization through the usage of linguistic communication. frock and behaviour. The cult of Black maleness will turn out that cultural groups can make something of their ain while contriving a new civilization in which they can partake in and be control of. Black Masculinity â€Å"A peculiar type of black masculinity–one defined chiefly by an urban aesthetic. a nihilistic attitude. and an aggressive posturing–has made its manner into the cultural mainstream in the last two decennaries. † There are many lending factors but the image of Black maleness has come about due to the popularisation of hip-hop civilization and the prominence of blame music and the â€Å"videomercials† that sell it. More specifically. it is the consequence of the popularity of the urban â€Å"gangsta† and his incarnation in the â€Å"gangsta† blame of creative persons such as Dr. Dre. Ice Cube. Snoop Doggy Dogg. and Tupak Shakur. Black maleness is the effort for black males to integrate what the dominant civilization believes to be masculine. Most surveies have. nevertheless regarded Black Masculinity as an option to societal position. instead than as an extension of it. ‘Black Macho’ has been portrayed. hence. as differing in sort instead than degree from the wider gendered power dealingss within Society at large†¦ It is nevertheless ; merely within the context of wider power dealingss - and as an extension of them –that Black maleness can be to the full understood†¦ Black maleness is so possibly best understood as an articulated response to structural inequality. enacting and overthrowing dominant definitions of power and control. instead so replacing for them. Rather than a hostile and recluse entity [ black maleness ] can be seen as a base for interaction and dialogue with wider society. These work forces have taken an thought which already exists harmonizing to society and incorporated what they believe is their definition of maleness. This look of maleness. harmonizing to Mercer and Julien: â€Å"subjectively incorporates properties associated with dominant definitions of manhood – such as being tough. in control. independent – in order to recover some grade of power or active influence over nonsubjective conditions of impotence created by racism. † Black maleness embraces the stereotyped function of what a Black adult male typically resembles. What the dominant civilization portrays: the tough cat. more organic structure so head. This is received as negative because they are non accomplishing what the ideal is. what â€Å"Whiteness† is. So would this group of work forces be considered an cultural group within the American society? Harmonizing to Barth an cultural group embodies the followers: â€Å"Largely biologically self-perpetuating. portions cardinal cultural values. realized in open integrity in cultural signifiers. makes up a field of communicating and interaction. has a rank which identifies itself. and is identified by others. as representing a class distinguishable from other classs of the same order. † Those who choose to conform to these norms of this group will reject or know apart against others and this leads to the inclusion of this specific group. Behavior How one behaves will find what group they will suit into. These behaviours include how one dresses. Acts of the Apostless and negotiations. Black maleness has their ain sense of frock. actions and even linguistic communication. Depicted through the media the Black masculine male will dress â€Å"gangster† . There stereotypic baggie denims and large jerseies with the jewellery and baseball caps. This reinforces the hyper-sexualized stereotypic male in society. Recently. Richard G. Major’s construct of the â€Å"cool pose† has proved an insightful term for understanding the kineticss of black maleness as it has developed in response to unequal conditions in the modern urban environment. In a series of closely related plants ( listed at the terminal of this essay ) . Major leagues argues that black males have accepted the traditional values of maleness but are so restricted by societal and political factors that many of them have been profoundly frustrated by their inability to ordain these traditional masculine functions. â€Å"In brief. † Majors explains. â€Å"cool pose originated as a header mechanism for the ‘invisibility. ’ defeat. favoritism. and educational and employment unfairnesss faced by Black males. In response to these obstructions. many of these persons have channeled their originative endowments and energies into the building of masculine symbols and into the usage of conspicuous gestural behaviours ( e. g. . demeanours. gestures. vesture. hairdos. walks. stances and handshakings ) † . Major leagues includes in his illustrations of the cool airs such diverse behaviours as the usage of wit. feigned emotional withdrawal. and specific stylistic looks like the black athlete’s imaginative hoops dunking. football spiking. and stop zone dancing. every bit good as black musical performers’ aggressive sitting and graceful yet strenuous dance manners. A premier ingredient of the cool airs as a compensatory signifier of maleness is an overdone manner of stamina: â€Å"Symbolic shows of toughness support his individuality and addition him respect ; they can besides advance chumminess and solidarity among black males† . Unfortunately. as Majors is careful to indicate out. the ritualized hyper maleness performed by many black work forces as a cool airs. peculiarly the preoccupation with ordaining a tough character is rife with the negative potency to advance unsafe life styles ( e. g. . pack bangers. tough cats. drug traders. street streetwalkers. and procurers ) and to reenforce harmful stereotypes. These images illuminate the figure of the endangering Black male. He embodies images of the black heterosexual rapper. jock. and film star which challenge the racialist word pictures of black maleness as incompetent. highly-sexed and rude. in the terminal a menace to middle category impressions of muliebrity. household and state. Possibly with these incarnations this is why Black maleness is its ain cultural group. They were unable to absorb into the dominant civilization because they were seen as a hyper sexualized menace to white adult females. This left these work forces to make something of their ain. through frock. linguistic communication and action. This group uses linguistic communication as another look of societal difference. African American Vernacular English is the linguistic communication that is used to pass on. it is besides known as Black English. Black Vernacular. or Black English Vernacular. Black English is besides known as African american vernacular englishs. a combination of â€Å"ebony† and â€Å"phonics† . this linguistic communication is spoken by many Blacks in the United States and around the universe. Black maleness has accepted African american vernacular englishs as their linguistic communication because it is something that is alone to the African American civilization. The job with this signifier of communicating is that it is non widely accepted within the dominant society. The kids who are raised by work forces who are portion of this cult of Black maleness are told to talk otherwise because the signifier of communicating that they have learned is non acceptable. This is a miscommunication and some parties tried to acquire Ebonics recognized as a linguistic communication and to be taught in the school systems. This jurisprudence was non passed but it was interpreted and they are now learning the kids how to interpret African American Vernacular English into American Standard English. Jackson sees linguistic communication as â€Å"badges and emblems of individuality can be seen as a sort of message. the successful transmittal. response. and decryption of which necessary to the interaction is taking topographic point. † This is why Black maleness is every bit strong as it is because it embraces their ain linguistic communication and through this they are able to keep relationships with others in this group of work forces. Such as the word â€Å"Nigga† . if this word were used by person exterior of this cultural group so they would be considered racialist but through music and usage within the group it is considered to be a term used to place each other. It would be seen as uneven if person who did non embody Black maleness started talking in African American Vernacular English because they may non hold the lineage which allows them to incarnate Black Masculinity and their linguistic communication. Boundaries To organize a cultural boundary it is presumed that the boundary lines would be between different fatherlands. ethnicities. faiths or linguistic communication groups. In the instance of Black maleness the bulk are situated all over North America and the remainder of the universe. With such a diverse spread it would be difficult to put physical boundary lines on this group. â€Å"Ethnic groups are non simply or needfully based on the business of sole districts ; and the different ways in which they are maintained. non merely by once-and-for-all enlisting but by continual look and validation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In stating this. those who partake in the cult of Black maleness erect boundary lines through communicating such as linguistic communication and organic structure linguistic communication. Those who do non react to these actions are non considered to be portion Black male society. There is certain protocol which will be followed within the group and if this is non followed so there is the designation of an foreigner who is seeking to interrupt through the boundary lines. The job with Black maleness and the exclusivity of this civilization is that it is widely available in pop civilization. It would be easy for person who is non portion of this cultural group to analyze the mass media and larn the traits which define Black maleness. Black maleness is based on attribution how people identify their civilization and how they identify themselves within this civilization. Their boundaries are socially constructed. Cultural groups portion common civilization which includes shared faith. linguistic communication. manner of frock. lodging. shared imposts ; attitudes. beliefs and most have the same perceptual experience of a common yesteryear. As discussed earlier this group embraces a shared common civilization which separates them from the dominant civilization. They have created themselves due to a peculiar historical circumstance and in this instance it is colonisation and the invasion of the White adult male. The individuality of Black maleness is reliant on how persons embrace it. constrained by it ; act on it and through this Black maleness will hold a separate individuality as an cultural group. To divide themselves they have must be able to separate them from the dominant civilization by â€Å"creating visual aspect of cultural discontinuity† . Black maleness has done this by presuming functions such as the mobster rapper. the black jock or film star. By making these individualities they are building a boundary between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† . Overtime groups tend to go culturally more homogeneous. This endangers the boundary and makes it harder to keep but in order to continue its distinguishable individuality these boundaries need to be maintained by the group. Boundary care serves to insulate the group from alternate value systems ( harmonizing to which its members may happen themselves ranked otherwise ) . preserves the group’s bing internal power construction. and provides a possible beginning of political power for the group through solidarity and Numberss. Black maleness is a strong force in the media and to follow what their cultural beliefs are would be easy. They have familiarized their civilization with the dominant civilization leting anyone to be able to take part in their beliefs. This weakens their boundary lines and makes it harder to keep a fastness at their boundary lines. The lone thing that would non be broken within Black maleness is in the name. To be a true portion of this cultural group one would hold to be a Black male. This is the lone thing that will keep true to keep the boundary lines of Black maleness. Biologically Self Perpetuating Black maleness has become such a widely known phenomenon and even those who do non portion the same lineage seem to be able to incarnate traits of this group. Traditionally an cultural group would portion a common background and family. Through the usage of mass media the cult of the Black male has become extremely sexualized and those who see this machismo want to be portion of it. Cultural groups are chiefly endogamic and this new assimilation into their group will do jobs with this. This is a job because it takes off from the power of what this group stands for and what they embody as the butch adult male. â€Å"In a societal order where white beliefs signifier cardinal accounts of how persons should ordain their color-sex places and associated function outlooks. black males do non. regardless of their economic position or rational capablenesss. have the cultural privilege to take the enterprise. † This quotation mark redefines that there is a dominant civilization and leting assimilation this group is leting the power to be taken off. As these work forces are portrayed as hyper sexualized in the media it introduces them to something that the dominant civilization positions as the ideal. this goes back to colonisation and the privation of what the White adult male has. the unachievable. â€Å"A major ground for the initial brush was the mystique attached to the hitherto unavailable ‘the white goddess’ † . This â€Å"white goddess† . the unavailable. is the difference between the dominant civilization and the Black Masculinity. Black work forces move between bulk and minority civilizations and must negociate the racism and favoritism that accompany caste-like minority position. Frazier suggests that Black maleness and male function individuality must be viewed in these changing societal and cultural contexts. Specifically. Black work forces are expected to conform to dominant gender function outlooks ( e. g. . to be successful. competitory. aggressive ) . every bit good as meeting culturally specific demands ( e. g. . cooperation. publicity of group. and endurance of group ) of the Black community. â€Å"certain patriarchal values such as physical strength. sexual art and being in control as a agency of endurance against the repressive and violent system of subordination to which they were subjected† . The dehumanising facet of this myth. a myth that Mercer claims many black work forces do non desire demystified because it in some ways ( e. g. . strength. sexual art ) raises them above the position of white work forces. is that. while an accent on the organic structure as beastly force is a marker of the difference between male and female. it is besides a cardinal symbol in the division between nature and civilization. Possibly this is why Black maleness came to be. It is argued that the members of the Black Power motion defined the political relations of race within â€Å"metaphoric of phallic power. † which developed out of male activists’ desires to counter cultural articulations of black male lower status. and that this is readily seen in the Hagiographas of influential figures such as Malcolm X. Huey Newton. Eldridge Clever. and Amiri Baraka. Wiegman farther claims that the phallocentric position was besides articulated through the macho. hyper masculine characters looking in the blaxploitation movies of the early 1970s. It is through Wiegman’s phallic theories about Black males that this cultural group created the term and civilization of Black maleness. Conclusion Through Barth this paper has been able to discourse the boundaries which the cultural group Black maleness was able to command. They were able to make their ain cultural group in response to the dominant civilization. They defined themselves through being Black males. They embodied what it meant to be. They did this by frock and action. This is late obvious through the media and ‘gangta’ blame and possibly with this incarnation they are able to turn out that they are able to be as a powerful force within the dominant civilization. Black maleness members are able to hold their ain sense of linguistic communication whether it be verbal. Ebonics. of physical. â€Å"cool pose† . This is how they established members of the group and were able to pass on with each other by these agencies. They reinforced that the â€Å"cool pose† shows stamina and it additions him respect and from this it promotes solidarity within the group of Black males. The â€Å"cool pose† is non ever a good thing. In the media the dominant society does non see the jock but the mobster and the stereotype which is created by the dominant civilization. They are seen as a menace and to maintain them safe Black maleness was created in an effort to make values and regulations of their ain in order to obtain position in a dominant civilization. To maintain this group sole these Black work forces created a linguistic communication of their ain and through this they communicate and they are able to keep a strong bond through these agencies of communicating. Through the usage of linguistic communication they create boundary lines. The boundary lines which they created let them to keep who they are without being assimilated into the dominant civilization. They have embraced and emphasized who they are and what they stand for. To protect this they erected boundary lines such as similar dress/style. linguistic communication. sense of history and shared imposts. These facets are alone to them but as popular civilization embraced these facets such as linguistic communication and dress the boundary lines began to interrupt. One thing that the dominant civilization could non interrupt is their gender and race. They were African American work forces and no affair what the dominant civilization did to seek and absorb them they had this to observe. This is of import to keep the strength of your boundary lines. Black maleness is a group of Black males who have been able to continue that they are portion of an cultural group and they have history which needs to be respected. They are seeking to prolong a civilization that is easy being integrated into the dominant civilization. If this group follows what Barth has laid out in order to keep boundaries so Black maleness will be able to be whomever they want within the dominant civilization. REFERENCES Alexander. C. The Art of Being Black. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1996. Barths. F. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Christiania: Universitesforlaget. 1969. Frazier. E. Franklin. The Negro Family in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1939. Gray. H. â€Å"He Is a â€Å"Bad Mother*S % @ ! # † : Shaft and Contemporary Black Masculinity. American Quarterly. Vol. 50. No. 2. 1998. Gray. H. Cultural Politics. A Particular Section: Black Masculinity and Ocular Culture. Callaloo. Vol. 18. No. 2. ( Spring. 1995 ) . Jackson. J. Language Identity of The Colombian Vaupes Indians. In Baumand. R. . Sherzer. J. . Exploration in the Ethnography of Speaking: Surveies in the Socialand Cultural Foundations of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989. Major leagues. R. . A ; Bilson. J. M. Cool Pose. New York: Lexington. 1989. Mercer. K. Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge. 1994. Mercer. K. A ; Julien. I. Race. Sexual Politics and Black Masculinity: A Dossier. London: Lawerence A ; Wishart. 1998. Smith. A. D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell. 1987. Staples. R. Black Masculinity: The Black Male’s Role in American Society. San Francisco: The Black Scholar Press. 1982. Wiegman. R. Feminism. ‘The Boyz’ and Other Matters Sing the Male: Screening the Male: Exploring Malenesss in Hollywood Cinema. London: Routledge. 1993. Wilikinson. D. Y. Expectations and Salience in White Female – African Male Self-Other Role Definitions. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. 1977.

Albert Einstein Essays - Einstein Family, Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein Essays - Einstein Family, Albert Einstein Albert Einstein When many people hear the name Albert Einstein, they say, Ooh what did he do, write a bunch of stuff on a chalkboard, prove to some scientists that he was right, and then star in a Pepsi commercial? Well, Im here to tell you that he did much more than that, (even though I really like that Pepsi commercial.) Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germany. Albert began his extensive studies at a school in Munich. At Munich he pursued a career in Electrical Engineering, but failed an exam and was rejected from Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule in Zurich. After failing at his original choice of schools, he went on to a secondary school in Aarau to train himself enough to be admitted into ETH (his original choice). While at Aarau he planned on becoming a teacher in mathematics and physics. As expected he did graduate from ETH in the year 1900 with a degree in teaching for the subjects of Math and Physics. He didnt however get a job right away, he, in fact, went around writing to different universities applying for one. After searching for about a year, he finally landed a job at a high school teaching mathematics. While at this school he wrote in one of his journals, I have given up the ambition to get to a University After he went through this job, and indeed a couple more, his friend from school, Marcel Grossmann sought him out so his father could help him get a job. After a recommendation to the director of patents, Einstein held a temporary patent post, holding the title, Technical Expert Third Class. He was promoted several times over a span of about 5 years. While working at the patent office, he finished a boatload of theoretical physics publications. He even earned a doctorate on one from the University of Zurich. This paper was entitled, On a new determination of molecular dimensions. After publishing a few more papers, he began to be recognized. He became a university lecturer. After a few years of lecturing for Universities, he began to travel. Many people believe that the reason he moved away from Germany was because of the anti-Jewish movements. He visited the U.S. a few times as well as many other countries. But in 1935, Einstein was granted permanent residency in the USA. As a US citizen, Einstein was credited for many new contributions to science. But his biggest known project in the US is the assistance he provided in the Atomic Bomb. On August 2nd 1939, Einstein wrote to Franklin D. Roosevelt, (then the president of the US.) Him and a few other scientists warned him about Germanys studies of Uranium, the key to an atomic bomb. Roosevelt was then inclined to start his own project, the Manhattan Project. A project solely developed to discover a method to make an atomic bomb. After about 6 years of Einstein working alongside other great minds of history, a final product was introduced. Code named Gadget, the atomic bomb was escorted to the test site in Los Alamos. Here they would all watch to see the magnitude of their invention. On July 16th, 1945, at the time of 5:29:45 (mountain war time) the A-bomb, as it was called, was detonated. It then produced a mushroom cloud 30,000 feet high. All that was left at the blast site were fragments of jade green glass, produced from the heat and the sand. Many of the bombs creators had different views on the success of the project. J. Robert Oppenheimer thought the project was a total success. One of the other creators was quoted as saying, Now were all sons of bitches. Einstein agreed, he also didnt like what he saw. His view of it was that they had created a monster. He spent much of the rest of his life fighting to get rid of the bomb. But his pleas were ignored. His final letter was to a man named Bertrand Russell, in it he asked to be put on a manifesto urging the world to hang up their nuclear weapons. He died on the 18th of April in 1955 at the town of Princeton, New Jersey, right here in

How to Write a Perfect Home Health Aide Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Home Health Aide Resume (Examples Included) with an aging population, home health aides have one of the most important (and fastests)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Economics 1- General Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics 1- General Motors - Essay Example he question directly, the cost structure of the combined entities, as General Motors, improved after the mergers, with the trimming of costs and improving profit margins even when the level of revenues remains constant. Economies of scale is possible only with a certain minimum critical size of firms in an industry such as the automobile industry. The company continued its acquisition binge in the ensuing years. Management decisions that improved operations included reduction of costly factory errors with the establishment of a testing laboratory, and setting up of facilities for research and development, which turned out to be the most complex in the industry at the time. These contributed to improved efficiency and productivity. During the 1920s the big car manufacturers were GM and Ford, followed by Chrysler in 1925 (American Motors was formed only in 1954). At that time only Ford posed a semblance of competition to GM. GM proceeded with some major innovations in management systems using policy coordination from the top, policy direction through top-level committees, and delegation of responsibilities - practices that were to become standard in business management theory and practice. In the late 1920s, GM introduced the synchromesh gears by Cadillac, the shatter-proof safety glass, and the V-16, the first car type with a 16-cylinder engine, setting standards in power and performance. Then it pioneered in innovations in styling and engineering, capped by the discovery of the automatic gear. GM also developed the independ4ent front wheel suspension and the automatic transmission under Sloans leadership before the WWII. In the 1950s GM introduced the V-8 engine with a higher compression ratio, power steering , air-conditioning systems, safety belts, among others. In short, the company outdistanced its competition through design and engineering as demonstrated in the functional quality of cars it produced. In the area of marketing strategy, GM boss Sloans

Gender Segregation in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender Segregation in Education - Essay Example Studies have shown teachers spend more time with the boys in the classroom than with the girls. (MacNaughton, 2004, 82)This may be due to disruptions by the boys, although the teacher is often unaware of the amount of time spent with boys over girls. In the personality domain, there are various notable traits with gender differences. These include aggression, conformity, emotional adjustment, values and life goals and achievement orientation. Numerous studies have shown that whilst adolescent boys are more aggressive than girls in terms of both physical and verbal aggression, during adolescence the differences between males and females are negligible at primary school level (Vialle et al, 2000, p.154). This is not saying that girls become physically aggressive but perhaps resort to verbal aggression or the use of covert forms of aggression such as social alienation (malicious gossip and rumors, exclusion) (Vialle et al, 2000, p.154). Statistically, girls are more conformant than boys and are more likely to seek help from adults than are boys. (Grieshaber, 2004, 22) This difference is attributed to the observation ...that girls tend to participate in adult-structured activities on the other side boys are more likely to participate in activities with little adult involvement in school. (Vialle et al, 2000, p.154). Emotional behavior by boys is expressed differently, depending on gender. While females are more likely to freely display their emotions, males are more likely to suppress their feelings, with the exception of anger. (Walkerdine, 1999, 172) Most researchers attribute these differences to societal expectations rather than biological differences. This can be supported by studies of boys under five years of age. (Vialle et al, 2000, p.154).

Media Realtions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Media Realtions - Assignment Example Contact info Email: info@shorphanage.org Telephone: Toll Free (800) 000-0000 Public Service Announcement Sweet Home Orphanage announces a virtual family adoption program that will begin with an interviewing session for volunteer couples, which will be conducted on May 21, 2013 between 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. at Hotel Stanford, 43 West 32nd Street, New York, NY 11597. The Agency program will offer a sufficient environment for a healthy upbringing of orphans. It will also improve an emotional between the kids and the adoptive parents. Volunteer couples are invited n this program to fulfill the emotional needs of the orphans. This message is brought to you by the Sweet Home Orphanage Virtual Family Program Campaign. For information send an Email to info@shorphanage.org or make a call to (800) 000-0000. Backgrounder Sweet Home Orphanage is a non-profit organization. Donations received are spent to care for and seek adoptive families for orphaned children in New York. Sweet Home took the i nitial steps in upbringing orphans all over the world New York. We have, until now, housed more than 3,000 of the poorest orphans in our establishment , Sweet Home Orphanage, where they are offered with the highest quality of food, shelter, education and creditable protective care. The U.S. Department of Education normally awards Special Education Scholarships to 200 orphans, for six academic years for private school tuition. From Sweet Home Orphanage’s needs list, well-wishers and philanthropists can choose want they would like to fund for the orphan children in the center. One can, for instance, donate money online and be told precisely where the money has been spent as well as offer frequent updates through the website. Biographies Julie Batten Julia Batten is the Chief Executive Officer, Kent & Melinda Foundation-in that role, she is responsible for fostering a productive relationship between the organization’s trustees and staff. she was the managing director of L ittle Children Adoption Agency in Texas, and the Lyndon Kennedy Foundation in Chicago. Education Batten received a bachelor’s degree in philosophy and political science from the University of Washington and a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Havard University. In addition, she received a master’s degree in business administration from Havard University. Awards/honors She received the Charities@Work Corporate Excellence Award and- honorary degree (Doctor of Humanity) from the University of Washington. she is a frequent speaker at majority industry conferences she lives in New York with his wife, Michael. She has one son and two daughters. Biographies John Lee John Lee is a psychiatrist in private practice in New York City. He is a specialist in temporary care and orphanage assistance-in that role, he is responsible for fostering a productive relationship between the volunteers’ couples, orphans, and staff. He also lead the Virtual Family P rogram. He also works as medical volunteer with Love Without Boundaries (LWB) and as a medical volunteer with United States Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). He has also been a psychological advisors to many local and international organizations. Award/honors The Charities and Excellence in the care and service

Recyclable Drinking Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Recyclable Drinking Water - Essay Example The city chosen for this purpose is Bangkok considering the current flood scenario that has affected the lives of locals and tourists. The shortage of drinking water has jeopardised the physical and mental state along with the health of people. Bangkok is the capital and largest city of Thailand known as a tourist destination across the globe. The influx of tourists from different parts of the world has strengthened the economy of the country boasting on impeccable infrastructure and hospitality that is good enough to allure people across the globe. Bangkok has 50 districts and each district is managed by the district chief appointed by the governor. There is also an elected government body; Bangkok Metropolitan Council that managed municipal ordinances and city’s budget pertaining to infrastructure and other activities. The government of Bangkok of is known as Bangkok Metropolitan Administration that manages the city and its resources in an effective and efficient manner. The re are a number of national and international retailers present in Bangkok with the likes of Tesco, Family Mart and Big C dominating the market. The economic activities are majorly restricted to agriculture and tourism. In Bangkok, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority offers tap water that is used for the purpose of drinking and other activities. Many households have water purifying machines that further purifies water through different mechanisms and processes. At the same time, a number of packaged drinking water bottles are available that can be bought to ensure good quality of drinking water. However, there is no organisation developing or promoting recycled water for the drinking purpose. This marketing plan would ensure successful introduction of the product in the markets of Bangkok... The paper tells about integrated marketing communication as one of the highly preferred marketing tools within the competitive business environment. It can be defined as the coordination and amalgamation of marketing communication tools and functions into a program or function that helps in impacting customers along with enhancing the feasibility and acceptance of the product. However, the common perception states that recycle water is not safe for drinking and can be used in irrigation, industrial usage and flushing toilets. Bangkok has been severely affected by floods creating shortages for safe drinking water. It needs to be mentioned that common people in the city are facing serious water crisis with tap water pouring contaminated and dirty water. On the other hand, packaged drinking bottles are quite limited in the market and the city does not have a marketer offering recycled drinking water. It can be assumed that development of recycled drinking water would help in offering a useful product to the masses using an integrated marketing communication approach. This would also help in assessing the present use of recycled water and its importance and acceptance in the business and social environment. Thus, the marketing plan has a great scope that requires effective planning and implementation. The city of Bangkok has been developing wastewater treatment system from a long period of time and efforts have yielded good benefits in last few years. There are a number of sewerage zones that have helped in improving the overall water shortages in the short as well as in the long run.

Network planning for my Logistics class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network planning for my Logistics class - Essay Example The decisions made on the logistics network are usually framed to act as a trade-off between the fixed costs of a warehouse and the costs of transporting the goods. This means that, if the network has a few warehouses, then there is a reduction of fixed costs although it raises the transportation costs. Adding more warehouses on the network reduces the transportation costs and increasing the fixed costs. There are two different factors which one must consider when designing a network design. The first factor which a logistician must consider most is the distance. Adding more warehouses in a network decreases the number of kilometers travelled because the distance from the supplier to the warehouse and then to the customer is minimized. Moreover, the most expensive part in the logistics is the movement of goods from the warehouse to the end user since the load shipped is always divided into different quantities. The more the warehouses on the design network the fewer the kilometers between the customer and the stores. This paper includes the second factor which is to optimally solve the network design problems whereby there is the inclusion of inventory cost. Ballou (2001) acknowledges the importance of the inventory costs inclusion over the fixed costs of warehousing and also the costs of the transportation. Ballou (2001) also explains that the absence of the inventory costs in network design is caused by the mixed integer in the linear programming, of which is a requirement to have the cost relationships to be linear. Unfortunately, in the real world, the relationships between the inventory and the number of warehouses are not linear. Using the approach of including the inventory costs motivates one to treat the relationship between the inventory and the number of warehouses as a function which is discrete. This is the reason of proposing the model that may be used by different firms through the inclusion of inventory in the

Recyclable Drinking Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Recyclable Drinking Water - Essay Example The city chosen for this purpose is Bangkok considering the current flood scenario that has affected the lives of locals and tourists. The shortage of drinking water has jeopardised the physical and mental state along with the health of people. Bangkok is the capital and largest city of Thailand known as a tourist destination across the globe. The influx of tourists from different parts of the world has strengthened the economy of the country boasting on impeccable infrastructure and hospitality that is good enough to allure people across the globe. Bangkok has 50 districts and each district is managed by the district chief appointed by the governor. There is also an elected government body; Bangkok Metropolitan Council that managed municipal ordinances and city’s budget pertaining to infrastructure and other activities. The government of Bangkok of is known as Bangkok Metropolitan Administration that manages the city and its resources in an effective and efficient manner. The re are a number of national and international retailers present in Bangkok with the likes of Tesco, Family Mart and Big C dominating the market. The economic activities are majorly restricted to agriculture and tourism. In Bangkok, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority offers tap water that is used for the purpose of drinking and other activities. Many households have water purifying machines that further purifies water through different mechanisms and processes. At the same time, a number of packaged drinking water bottles are available that can be bought to ensure good quality of drinking water. However, there is no organisation developing or promoting recycled water for the drinking purpose. This marketing plan would ensure successful introduction of the product in the markets of Bangkok... The paper tells about integrated marketing communication as one of the highly preferred marketing tools within the competitive business environment. It can be defined as the coordination and amalgamation of marketing communication tools and functions into a program or function that helps in impacting customers along with enhancing the feasibility and acceptance of the product. However, the common perception states that recycle water is not safe for drinking and can be used in irrigation, industrial usage and flushing toilets. Bangkok has been severely affected by floods creating shortages for safe drinking water. It needs to be mentioned that common people in the city are facing serious water crisis with tap water pouring contaminated and dirty water. On the other hand, packaged drinking bottles are quite limited in the market and the city does not have a marketer offering recycled drinking water. It can be assumed that development of recycled drinking water would help in offering a useful product to the masses using an integrated marketing communication approach. This would also help in assessing the present use of recycled water and its importance and acceptance in the business and social environment. Thus, the marketing plan has a great scope that requires effective planning and implementation. The city of Bangkok has been developing wastewater treatment system from a long period of time and efforts have yielded good benefits in last few years. There are a number of sewerage zones that have helped in improving the overall water shortages in the short as well as in the long run.

Business Analysis of Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream Dissertation

Business Analysis of Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream - Dissertation Example 4. Critical review of the existing strategy: position, alternatives and options as well as 5. Recommendations on how the existing strategy can be improved. In attaining the objectives above, the paper will undertake a review of the case study of Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream. This will provide a primary source of information and ideas. There will also be an evaluation of secondary sources to identify relevant theories and concepts that define the landscape and set the scope for the cases at hand. Question 1 What makes Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream a Successful company? In order to assess the reasons for the success of Ben and Jerry's ice cream, there is the need to conduct a SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis involves the examination of the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organisation in order to make inferences about the components of the business (Bailey, 2004 p17). Ben and Jerry's successes can be attributed primarily with how they utilised their strengths to take advantag e of opportunities. Also, they minimized their weaknesses and threats in order to navigate through tough times to be able to attain their current status. Strengths 1. A clear vision and an efficient effort to attain the vision: This led to the creation of a successful business model for Ben and Jerry's. The business model of Ben and Jerry's is so strong that it can enable the company to create numerous brands and also expand its operations to different parts of the world. The main operations in USA, Europe and Asia provide high turnover that enables the company to attain extremely high results. 2. Focus on healthy products and brands to build a strong customer base: The company has managed to build a reputation for the production of healthy products. This has caused the company to become popular amongst major customers around the globe. These brands can thus be well promoted and marketed throughout the world. 3. A strong corporate social responsibility system and environmentalism: B en and Jerry's have a strong reputation for being socially responsible. In consolidating the company, they had a policy of spending up to 7.5% of their profit before tax on corporate social responsibility (Greenfield and Cohen, 1997: Hopkins, 2004). This amounted to as much as $1.1 million annually. With such a commitment to giving back to society, Ben and Jerry's created a reputation of being a socially responsible organisation. With this feat, they could convince customers that they were more interested in the development of the society with their money than the profit motive. This boosted Ben and Jerry's Ice Creams' image and enabled them to gain a solid reputation. 4. A heavily diversified range of ice creams: Although Ben and Jerry's specialized in ice creams, they have a wide range of ice cream, frozen yoghurt and ice-cream novelties. This way, they were able to serve different customers with different brand requirements. This enabled them to continue generating revenue in all situations. This is because their range seemed to fit all potential ice cream demand. Hence, they managed to capture a large share of the market. 5. A strong network of shops: Ben and Jerry's have a strong network of shops throughout the world. They have maintained a powerful system of franchising that enables them to get entrepreneurs to invest capital in their

Impact of Advertisements on Consumers Choice Essay Example for Free

Impact of Advertisements on Consumers Choice Essay Bovee and Arens (1994) define advertising as the non-personal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature (about products and services) or ideas by identified sponsor through various media. An advertising medium is the means or conveyance by which sales message is carried to prospective customers. Advertising is many things to people. It promotes and affects our daily lives. At times people view it positively that they might find it entertaining while other advertisements are cursed, insults and deceives it. There are also times where advertisements can mislead consumers buying behaviour. Advertisers work on consumer’s attitude to achieve their goal. Influencing and affecting their buying behaviour. Perhaps advertising is the most obvious venue where the concepts of attitude formation change can be seen in application. Persuasive communications (advertisements) can be transmitted through various media print, (newspapers, magazine, books) audio (radio and telephone) audio visual (television and movies) and electronic (internet and e-mail). Consumerism is here to stay. Tomorrows consumers will be better educated, more affluent and more critical. They will probably be less concerned with status and symbols and be more anxious to get information about the product. Background of the Study Most people may not realize it, but advertising has become pervasive if only by the sheer number of advertisement people are exposed to everyday. While advertisements are generally thought as a way to sell things an underlying element can at times be missed. It is that advertising can influence and change people attitudes and can be a potent form of influence. In fact many people blamed advertisements for encouraging materialism on people because advertisers present their products as a â€Å"must have†. Those who acquire them are depicted as more confident or more popular and this gets people to buy more products. The expression that â€Å"today we live in age of advertising† is so common to hear that it has in fact become almost trite so much that the average man has not bothered to pause even briefly and bring to mind the innumerable benefits it bring to society. The rising level in the standard of living would not have been possible in the absence of advertising. For an individual to make effort to examine an advertisement. It should first and foremost capture the individuals attention. According to Fiske (1995), attention involves the process of encoding where by people take information that is outside of them and represent in their heads. It is interesting to know that while watching the favourite shows in T.V., advertisements seem to be a part of it. Sometimes they even consume more hours than the shoe itself. Nowadays, advertisement seems to rule television and radio being a sponsor on shows because of different advertisements being shown the consumers was being confused about what product to select and use because of how the advertisers promote their product. Advertising can influence buying behaviour patterns. There are also some deep rooted attitudes, practices and values that cannot be changed by advertisements. Advertising is claimed to accomplish the four basic task of: informing, persuading, reminding and changing behaviour. Statement of the Problem 1. What are the different forms of medium used by advertisements? 2. What are the factors that affect buying behaviour of the consumers? 3. How can you measure the effectiveness of an advertisement ? 4. What are the level of effectiveness in the following medium? : a. Radio b. Television c. Print ad(newspapers and magazines) 5. What are the attitudes of the following consumers towards different forms of advertisements? : a. Children (8-12) b. Teenagers(13-19) c. Adults (20-onwards) 6. Are there differences in people attitudes towards advertisements considering the following : a. Educational attainment b. Socio- economic status Significance of the Study Everyone will benefit from this study because everyone is considered as a consumer. There is hardly any person who has no personal idea concerning advertising because it is everywhere. Advertisements have become not only a source of entertainment but also of information. These touch our way of life in infinite variety of forms, some subtle, others obvious and there are those that are even blatant.

Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Treatment and Impact

Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Treatment and Impact Circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. Blood contains antigens and antibodies to protect us from infectious and non-infectious diseases which called the immune system. Whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the antibody marks the antigen for destruction. Everyone would want to have the ideal body. They will do everything so that their bodies could be perfect form, especially female. Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female, but males can develop the disorder as well. Anorexia nervosa is a non-infectious disease. Anorexia nervosa or usually called anorexia is an eating disorder or loss of desire for food (appetite). When people have this disease, they are called to be anorexic. The process of too much limiting the amount of food into the body is likely to result a person experiencing anorexia. People with anorexia nervosa behave to be very high achievers, performing very well in many activities. Professionals for instance athletes, model or superstar are easily got anorexic, because of their professional requirement. Anorexia is mostly resulted from one maintaining an extremely low weight, and formed as a result of changes in ones behavior, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions. When people called to be anorexic, they dont have any nutrition in their body and thus anorexias antigen could attack antibodies. When antibodies failed to prevent anorexias antigens, our body will get tired, weak and other symptoms of anorexia will occur. Even though there have been many anorexia cases, at the end of the millennium, people health will be better and anorexics will decrease because of the technology improvement. This essay will discuss the causes, symptoms, prevention methods, and treatment methods towards anorexia disease. Anorexia is a very dangerous disease because it is happening in all over the world. A record has been made in 2004 by world health organization statistical information system to prove how harmful is this eating disorder. There are approximately 20 countries counted for the people death caused by anorexics. Below is the diagram of the record. Anorexics might cause by having troubled relationships or being teased about their size or weight at their past. When being teased, person felt of not good enough, low self-esteem, and even anger. Thus this will affects their social life. According to a research suggests that a combination of certain personality traits, emotions and thinking patterns, as well as cultural and environmental factors might be responsible. People who have anorexia are behaving to deny that they have a problem. Due to people with anorexia often hide their condition symptoms are not easy to see. But as time goes by, as anorexia progresses symptoms may be seen and its start to be difficult for them to deny. The symptoms are: Anorexics read food labels to measures and weighs the calories of the food that they will eat. Anorexics will pretend that they had eaten before when someone ask them to or throw the food away. They preoccupy with food. By collecting recipes, reading food magazines or cooking for friends may make other think that they are normal and forgotten about their previous thought of (he/she) getting anorexia. Anorexics will cut food into small pieces and chewing every bite a certain number of times. The affected person uses various methods such as vomiting or laxative abuse to prevent weight gain. Most individuals with anorexia nervosa do not recognize that they have an eating disorder. And usually hide their feelings, thoughts, intentions and actions from other people (secretive). They may easily get tired, weak, and most of the time dizzy because of low blood pressure. Have purplish skin color on their arms and legs from poor blood flow. They also happen to have yellow skin and dry mouth. Patient of anorexia nervosa are easily getting confused and slow thinking. Not all of cases involving this type of non-infectious disease can be prevented. Despite that, there may be some ways to be done to prevent some cases to happen. What can be done are: teaching and encouraging healthy eating habits and realistic attitudes about food and body image to people that are suspected might experience anorexia. The role of parents in a family is also important. In particular, mothers should create a healthy lifestyle in order to show her children how important to consume particular amount of food, and fathers should not criticize too much on his children body shape and weight. In addition, parents should promote a healthy and supporting environment for their children. On the other hand, the media can also be used to promote healthier lifestyle. It must represent the society, as the basic characteristic of an individual is that they may tend to follow others lifestyle. The media can also display programs that are created to prevent eating disorder. Many of anorexics died before they could get a well treatment. Anorexics that are in a very underweight condition, must be treated carefully, or hospitalized. After anorexics get the medical treatment, they need to get psychological counseling in order for them learn about healthy foods and lifestyle. The psychological counseling may includes nutritional counseling, individual counseling and group counseling. Nutritional counseling will teaches anorexics to count calories of body needed in comfortable method. And to help with weight gain, doctors usually use liquid food supplements. Anorexics may also need some therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or known as CBT in the individual counseling. CBT teachers will help anorexics to change their attitudes and behaviors about eating. Group counseling is also needed for anorexics, to share their experiences and to encourage their friends (who also experience anorexia) to recover. Family therapy is very helpful, especially for teen with anorexics. Parents and siblings could support the anorexics during treatment emotionally and physically. Another effort to help anorexics recover is by letting them expressing their feelings and doing something enjoyable for them for instance doing their hobbies. Then, doing relaxation is also important. By having yoga, massage and the traditional Chinese relaxation exercises will build a healthy relationship with their body. Bibliography ThinkQuest, ThinkQuest. Circulatory System. 30-11-09 . National Cancer Institute, USA, National Cancer Institute, USA . Antigens and Antibodies. 29-12-09 . Stoppler, Melissa. Anorexia nervosa. medecinenet.com. 29-11-09 . ehealthMD, ehealthMD. Anorexia nervosa. 30-11-09. NationMaster.com, NationMaster.com. Mortality Statistics > Eating disorders (most recent) by country . 1-12-09 . Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic. Anorexia nervosa. 1-11-09 . Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults: Knowledge Gaps Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults: Knowledge Gaps Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults:  Are there gaps in current knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment? Introduction Mental health problems in older adults can cause a massive social impact, often bringing about poor quality of life, isolation and exclusion. Depression is one of the most debilitating mental health disorders worldwide, affecting approximately 7% of the elderly population (Global Health Data Exchange, 2010). Despite this, it is also one of the most underdiagnosed and undertreated conditions in the primary care setting. Even with estimates of approximately 25% of over 65’s living in the community having depressive symptoms severe enough to warrant medical intervention, only one third discuss their symptoms with their GP. Of those that do, only 50% receive treatment as symptoms of depression within this population often coincide with other later life problems ( IAPT, 2009; World Health Organisation (WHO), 2004). Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1: Depression and Anxiety in older adults Many misconceptions surround ageing including the fact that depression is a normal part of the ageing process. Actual evidence indicates that other physical health issues often supersede the presentation of depressive symptoms in older adults which may suggest that the development of depression is influenced by deteriorating physical health (Baldwin, 2008; Baldwin et al, 2002). Depression may present differently in older adults in comparison to adolescents or even working age adults. Although the same disorder may be present throughout different stages of the lifespan, in older adults certain symptoms of depression may be accentuated, such as somatic or psychotic symptoms and memory complaints, or suppressed, such as the feelings of sadness, in comparison to younger people with the same disorder (Baldwin, 2008; Chiu, Tam Chiu, 2008). O’Connor et al (2001) carried out a study into ‘the influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy†™ and found that when confounding variables are controlled (age at the beginning of a study), there is no difference in the remission rates for depression in both younger and older adults, however, relapse rates remain higher for older adults. Backing this up, Brodaty et al (1993) conducted a qualitative naturalistic study into the prognosis of depression in older adults in comparison to younger adults and again confirmed that the prognosis and remission for depression in older adults is not significantly worse than for younger adults. However, the rigor of a qualitative naturalistic study is argued by proponents as being value-laden in nature, while criticisms of this study approach highlight it as being subjective, anecdotal and subject to researcher bias (Koch, 2006). In addition to depression, anxiety disorders are also common among older adults, often presenting as a comorbid condition. In 2007, 2.28 million people were diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder in the UK, with 13% of those individuals aged 65 and over. By 2026, the projected number of people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is expected to rise by 12.7% to 2.56 million with the greatest increase expected to be seen in the older adult population (King’s Fund, 2008). Despite the prevalence rate, anxiety is poorly researched in comparison to other psychiatric disorders in older people (Wetherell et al, 2005). Of the anxiety disorders, phobic disorders and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are the two most common in older people (Bryant et al, 2008). It wasn’t until 1980 that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 3rd Edition which introduced Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) into the psychi atric nomenclature, distinguishing it from other anxiety disorders for the first time (APA, 1980). MCManus et al (2009) estimate that in England alone, as many as 4.4% of people suffer with GAD with prevalence rates between 1.2 and 2.5 times higher for women than men (Prajapati, 2012). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) continues to gain increased recognition and has received more clinical interest lately, correlating with individuals from the Second World War, Holocaust and Vietnam Veterans reaching or being well into old age. Despite this, data relating to prevalence rates still remains limited with research tending to focus on specific populations as opposed to community figures, for example, with regards to UK war veterans, approximately 30% will develop PTSD (pickingupthepieces.org.au, 2014). Unfortunately, stigma tends to misrepresent PTSD statistics as sufferers tend not to seek diagnosis or researcher bias is present. Britt (2000) found that many service personal within the military stated that admitting to a mental health problem was not only more stigmatising that admitting to a physical health problem but they also believed it would have a more detrimental impact on their career prospects. Furthermore, Mueller (2009) conducted a study into disclosure attitudes in which it was concluded that these attitudes can strongly predict symptom severity. With this in mind, it is important to stress the importance of practicing within the limits of NMC (2008) code of conduct in which unconditional positive regard must be shown by all nursing staff whilst incorporating a non-bias attitude in practice. Anxiety and depression comorbidity is well established. A longitudinal study, noted for its beneficial adaptability in enabling the researcher to look at changes over time, conducted by Balkom et al (2000) found that in a random community sample of adults (55 and older), who were diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder, 13% also met the criteria of major depressive disorder (MDD). Adding weight to the evidence of anxiety and depression comorbidity in older adults, Schaub (2000) who also conducted a longitudinal study, found that 29.4% of a sample of older adults in a German community diagnosed with an anxiety disorder also met the criteria for a depressive disorder. Longitudinal studies are thought to vary in their validity due to the attrition of randomly assigned participants during the course of the study, thus producing a final sample that is not a true representation of the population sampled (Rivet-Amico, 2009). King-Kallimanis, Gum and Kohn (2009) examined current and lifetime comorbidity of anxiety with depression. Within a 12 month period they found 51.8% of older adults with MDD in the United States also met the diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. There is evidence to suggest that the first presentation of anxiety symptoms in older adults suggests an underlying depressive disorder (Chiu et al, 2008). Unfortunately, comorbid anxiety and depression in older adults is associated with much higher risks of suicidal symptoms (Bartels et al, 2002; Lenze et al, 2000) in addition to increased reports of more severe psychiatric and somatic symptoms and poorer social functioning when compared to depression alone (Lenze et al, 2000; Schoevers et al, 2003). 2.2 Diagnosis and Screening Tools The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (2009) states that screening for depression and anxiety in older adults allows GPs and mental health practitioners to look for these conditions despite the service user not reporting the symptoms. However, recommendations on the use of screening tools should be limited to services where there are adequate systems in place to refer service users on for in-depth assessment and treatment as screening without adequate treatment and follow-up is highly ineffective as highlighted by O’Conner (2009) and USPSTF (2009) in separate research reviews. Snowden et al (2009) further stipulates that screening should only be carried out in appropriate settings using approved depression screening tools designed specifically for older adults. Some of these specific screening tools include the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the 2 –item and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2 /PHQ-9). It is necessary to be mindful of the fact tha t screening tools are not diagnostic assessments, they merely identify the likelihood of someone have depression/anxiety (Snowden et al, 2009) and should be used in conjunction with a clinical examination to aid diagnosis (Chie et al, 2008). The self-administered Geriatric Depression Scale is the most widely accepted screening tool for depression in older adults, first developed by Yesavage et al in 1983. It is available in both a ‘long form’ and’ short form’. The ‘long form’ consists of a 30-item questionnaire, which asks the older adult to answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to specific questions in reference to how they have been feeling over the past week. The ‘shorter form’ (see appendix 1) was developed in 1986 following validation studies of the ‘long form’ and takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. This is often the more suitable screening tool as it can be more easily used by individuals who are physically unwell and those suffering from mild to moderate cognitive impairments such as dementia who may have relatively short concentration spans. It comprises of 15 specific questions from the ‘long form’ that generated the highest association with depressive symptoms. Scores of 0-4 on the GDS ‘short form’ are considered normal; 5-8 indicate mild depression; 9-11 indicate moderate depression; and 12-15 indicate severe depression (Yesavage et al, 1983; 1986). The GDS have proven to a highly reliable and valid screening tool. One study carried out by Paradela et al (2005) found that the GDS had 81% sensitivity and 71% specificity when evaluated against diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV. In a validation study completed Sheikh and Yesavage (1986) comparing the GDS Long and Short Forms, both were successful in distinguishing depressed from non-depressed older adults with a high correlation. Within the NHS, several screening tools are more widely used than the GDS. These include the PHQ-9 (Spitzer et al, 1999), PHQ-2 (see appendix 2) (Kroenke et al, 2003) and ‘Whooley questions’ (see appendix 3) (Whooley et al, 1997). Both the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 use a psychometric Likert scale format while the ‘Whooley questions’ uses simple yes/no answers. The PHQ-2 and ‘Whooley questions’ fall into the category of ‘ultra-short’ questionnaires comprising of as little as three, two or one single detection questions. Despite the use of these ultra-short questionnaires being used in practice, evidence from Mitchell and Coyne (2007) suggests that ‘one-question’ screening tools identify as little as one third of patients with depression making them unacceptable and unreliable screening tools if exclusively relied upon. Despite this, there is still support for the use of two and three question screening tools, specifically the PHQ-2 which has been found to identify as many as 80% of individuals with depression in primary care settings (Ross, 2010; Mitchell and Coyne, 2007). As with all good practice, caution should be used when utilising these screening tools are they can present false-positive results (Mitchell and Coyne, 2007). By comparison, the PHQ-9 is a self-administered 9-item questionnaire aimed at the detection of depression (Kroenke et al, 2001). It value within mental health screening is well known due to the robust evidence surrounding it validity and excellent levels of sensitivity (91.7%) and specificity (78.3%) (Kroenke et al, 2010). Chapter 3: Application to Nursing Practice Dementia, along with depression and other priority mental disorders are included in the WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). This programme aims to improve care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders through providing guidance and tools to develop health services in resource poor areas. Synthesis and utilization of empirical research is an important aspect of evidence-based care. Only within the context of the holistic assessment, can the highest quality of care be achieved. References: Baldwin, R., Chiu, E., Katona, C., and Graham, N. 2002. Guidelines on depression in older people: Practising the evidence. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd. Baldwin, R. 2008. Mood disorders: depressive disorders. In: Jacob R et al, Oxford Textbook of Older Age Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Balkom, V., Beekman , A., de Beurs, E., et al. Comorbidity of the anxiety disorders in a community-based older population in the Netherlands [Online]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101(-). Pp 37–45. Available at: https://www-swetswise-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/FullTextProxy/swproxy?url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.coc/resolve/doi/pdf?DOI=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001037.xts=1409279416128cs=1533436201userName=0000884.ipdireciemCondId=884articleID=25446758yevoID=1585273titleID=2498remoteAddr=131.251.137.64hostType=PRO [Accessed: 29th August 2014]. Bartels, S., Coakley, E., Oxman, T., et al. 2002. Suicidal and death ideation in older primary care patients with depression, anxiety, and at-risk alcohol use. American Journal of Psychiatry.159(10) pp.417–427. Brodaty, H., Harris, L., Peters, K., Wilhelm, K., Hickie, I., Boyce, P., Mitchell, P., Parker, G., and Eyers, K. 1993. Prognosis of depression in the elderly. A comparison with younger patients [Online]. The British Journal of Psychiatry 163(-) pp589-596. Available at: http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/163/5/589#BIBL [Accessed 27th August 2014]. Chiu, H., Tam,W., and Chiu, E. 2008. WPA educational program on depressive  disorders: Depressive disorders in older persons. World Psychiatric Association (WPA). King’s Fund. 2008. Paying the price: The cost of mental health care in England to 2026 [Online]. London: King’s Fund. Available at: http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/Paying-the-Price-the-cost-of-mental-health-care-England-2026-McCrone-Dhanasiri-Patel-Knapp-Lawton-Smith-Kings-Fund-May-2008_0.pdf [Accessed: 17th August 2014]. Koch, T. 2006. Establishing rigour in qualitative research: the decision trail. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53(1) pp. 91-100 Lenze, E., Mulsant, B., Shear M, et al. 2000. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients [Online]. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(-): pp.722–728. Available at: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/data/Journals/AJP/3712/722.pdf?resultClick=3 [Accessed: 29th August 2014]. O’Conner, A. 2009. Screening for depression in adult patients in primary care settings: a systematic evidence review [Online]. Annals of Internal Medicine. 151(11). Pp.784-793. Available at: http://annals.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/article.aspx?articleid=745314resultClick=3 [Accessed: 22nd August 2014]. O’Connor, M., Knapp, R., Husain, M., et al. 2001. The influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy: a CORE report. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 9(-): pp. 382–390 Rivet-Amico, K. 2009. Percent Total Attrition: A Poor Metric for Study Rigor in Hosted Intervention Designs [Online]. American Journal of Public Health 99(9): pp 1567-1575. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724469/ [Accessed 22nd August 2014]. Schaub, R., Linden, M. 2000. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the old and very old—results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE) [Online]. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 41(-) pp 48–54. Available at: http://ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0010440X00800085/1-s2.0-S0010440X00800085-main.pdf?_tid=25fb884e-2f25-11e4-ae4a-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1409279912_0012d28347b6791e31a8b5199f3daaa1 [Accessed: 29th August 2014]. Schoevers, R., Beekman, A., Deeg, D., et al. 2003. The natural history of late-life depression: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL) [Online]. Journal of Affective Disorders.76(1): pp 5–14. Available at: http://ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0165032702000605/1-s2.0-S0165032702000605-main.pdf?_tid=1814aa80-2f34-11e4-a381-00000aab0f27acdnat=1409286331_4cb7efb58af9c004b37dc4825f8831d5 [Accessed 19th August 2014]. Sheikh, J., and Yesavage, A. 1986. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In T.L. Brink (Ed.), Clinical Gerontology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention .pp. 165-173. New York: The Haworth Press. Snowden, M., Steinman, L., Frederick, J., and Wilson, N. 2009. Screening for depression in older adults: recommended instruments and considerations for community-based practice [Online] Clinical Geriatrics. 17(9). Pp 26-32. Available at: http://www.consultant360.com/articles/screening-depression-older-adults-recommended-instruments-and-considerations-community [Accessed: 19th August 2014]. USPSTF. 2009. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression in adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement [Online]. Annals of Internal Medicine: 151 (11). Pp 784-792. Available at: http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=745304 [Accessed: 19th August 2014]. Yesavage, A., Brink, L., Rose, L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., and Leirer, O. 1983. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report [Online]. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1). pp 37-49. Available at: http://ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/0022395682900334/1-s2.0-0022395682900334-main.pdf?_tid=3e351376-2f84-11e4-80c4-00000aab0f02acdnat=1409320755_7707825345e33994a5a5539c953dac90 [Accessed 29th August 2014]. Appendix 1.

Analysis Of The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter is a story that illustrates intricate pieces of the Puritan lifestyle. Centered first on a sin committed by Hester Prynne and her secret lover before the story ever begins, the novel details how sin affects the lives of the people involved. For Hester, the sin forces her into isolation from society and even from herself. Her qualities that Hawthorne describes at the opening of the book, her pale beauty, womanly qualities, and passion are, after a time, eclipsed by the ‘A’ she is forced to wear. An example of this is her hair. Long hair is something in this time period that is a symbol of a woman. At the beginning of the story, Hawthorne tells of Hester’s long flowing hair. After she wears the scarlet letter for a time, he paints a picture of her with her hair out of site under a cap, and all the womanliness gone from her. Yet, even with her true eclipsed behind the letter, of the three main characters affected, Hester has the easiest time because her sin is out in the open. More than a tale of sin, the Scarlet Letter is also an intense love story that shows itself in the forest scene between Hester and the minister Arthur Dimmesdale. With plans to run away with each, Arthur and Hester show that their love has surpassed distance and time away from each other. This love also explains why Hester would not reveal the identity of her fellow sinner when asked on the scaffolding. Roger Chillingworth is the most affected by the sin, though he was not around when the sin took place. Demented by his thoughts of revenge and hate, Hawthorne shows Mr. Chillingworth to be a devil or as a man with an evil nature. He himself commits one of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quinn 2 seven deadly sins with his wrath. By the end of the tale that surpasses seven years, Hester is respected and revered by the community as a doer of good works, and the minister is worshipped for his service in the church. Only Mr. Chillingsworth is looked upon badly by the townspeople although no one knows why. Through it all, Hawthorne illustrates that even sin can produce purity, and that purity came in the form of the sprightly Pearl. Though she is isolated with her mother, Pearl finds her company and joy in the nature that surrounds her.

Love Song of J.Alfrrd Prufrock Notes

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock â€Å"A reader’s response to a text is influenced by that responder’s social, cultural and historical context† Choosing one of T. S Eliot’s poems set for study, consider to what extent your personal response to your chosen poem has been shaped by the enduring power of its intellectual and artistic qualities. (Quote) â€Å"There will be time, there will be time To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet;† Good morning /Afternoon Ms and fellow classmates. A reader’s personal response to a text is shaped by the enduring power of its intellectual and artistic qualities.Their response is influenced by that responder’s social, cultural and historical context which is why texts including ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ can be interpreted in various ways by various people. ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‘, was composed by poet T. S Eliot. Born in St Louis Missouri U SA, he attended Harvard University in 1906 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ was the earliest of T. S Eliot’s major works and was completed between 1910 and 1911.It is an examination of the tortured mind of the prototypical modern man – eloquent, neurotic and emotionally stilted. The ideas and themes explored and their relevance to us today: In ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ there are various themes, symbols and ideas explored. The damaged mind of humanity and the changing nature of gender roles are two of the main themes explored in the poem. Like many modernist writers, Eliot wanted to capture the transformed world which he perceived as fractured and denigrated and also wanted his poetry to express the fragile psychological state of humanity in the twentieth century.In the poem ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ Prufrock, the poems persona, is constantly quest ioning the romantic ideal of society; wondering whether he should make a radical change, or if he has the fortitude to continue living demonstrating a sense of indecisive paralysis in the persona. This is seen when Prufrock, unable to make decisions, watches women wander in and out of a room, â€Å"talking of Michelangelo. † Humanity’s collectively damaged psyche prevented people from communicating with one another, an idea that is clearly evident in Eliot’s poem.This also reflects the theme of the changing nature of gender roles, over the course of Eliot’s life, gender roles and sexuality became increasingly flexible, and Eliot reflected those changes in his work, including ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’. Prufrock is unable to talk to women and fears rejection, this conveys the feeling of emasculation experienced by many men as they returned home from World War 1, which was during Eliot’s time, to find women empowered by their new role as wage earners. These themes evident throughout ‘The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock’ are relevant in today’s contemporary society. Women constantly faced oppression which was seen as conventional in society in the twentieth century, men were the bread winners while women left school early to stay at home and raise children. Throughout history, especially in Eliot’s time, society transformed and women fought back against this inequality, discrimination and injustice in all its forms which led to The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopting the convention of the equal rights of men and women.This period of revolution is why today, in most parts of the world, women’s rights and freedoms are supported by law and they are no longer ignored or suppressed. The unusual independence from men shown in the women in ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ is what cause a shift in society and history and is also why today women have th e right to vote, attend school, earn the same wage as men, and even lead a nation. Your response to the poem as compared to Eliot’s time: My own personal response to ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ was, at first, complete confusion as I was unable to understand what it was that Eliot was trying to convey.I soon realised that Prufrock, the poems persona, was psyche Your time and place, reflecting upon the ways in which context has shaped your response to the text: Prufrock, the poems persona, seems to be addressing a potential lover, with whom he would like to â€Å"force the moment to its crisis† by consummating their relationship. But Prufrock knows too much of life to â€Å"dare† and approach the woman: in his mind he hears the comments others make about his inadequacies. The poem moves from a series of fairly concrete physical settings – a cityscape with several interiors- to a series of vague ocean images onveying Prufrock emotional distance from the world as he comes to recognise his second-rate status. â€Å"Prufrock† is powerful for its range of intellectual reference and also vividness of character achieved. The modernist movement and the new perception of the world at the time along with the desire to create something new was one of the main influences in Eliot’s work. Modernist texts emerged in the early 20th century and were influenced by developments in psychoanalysis and anthropology , by social reforms and by the growing industrialisation and mechanisation of society.Modernist texts such as Eliot’s are more interested in representing the inner life of characters. For modernists the process of artistic creation exposed the alienation and displacement that individuals often experience in modern, industrial society. Other influences on Eliot’s work were the changes in religion, evident in Journey of the Magi, his questioning of traditional political paradigms and the way soci ety worked and how it was structured. It is evident that there is use of dramatic monologue throughout Eliot’s piece which helps to express a condition of instability.The epigraph to this poem is from Dante’s Inferno and describes Prufrock’s ideal listener; one who is as lost as the speaker and will not betray to the world the content of Prufrock’s present confessions. In the world Prufrock describes, though, no such sympathetic figure exists, and he must, therefore, be content with silent reflection. Using fictional personalities such as J. Alfred Prufrock to express a state of inner turmoil or a multiplicity of selves contained within one person. J.Alfred Prufrock is not just the speaker of one of Eliot’s poems, he is the representative man of early modernism. Shy, cultivated and oversensitive, the speakers of his poems are trapped inside their own excessive alertiveness. The general fragmentation of the poem is obvious and notorious. The poem se ems a perfect example of what Terry Eagleton calls â€Å"the modern transition from metaphor to metonym ; unable any longer to totalise his experience in some heroic figure, the bourgeois is forced to let trickle away into objects related to him by sheer contiguity. Eliot was interested in the divide between high and low culture â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is, as the title, implies a song, with various lines repeated as refrains. That poem ends with the song of mermaids luring humans to their deaths by drowning—a scene that echoes Odysseus’s interactions with the Sirens in the Odyssey. Music thus becomes another way in which Eliot collages and references books from past literary traditions. Eliot chooses to make Prufrock an unacknowledged poet