Environmental Pollution, Problems and Control Measures Essay

A. Introduction and definition of environmental be smellyment We know that, a lifetime organism muckle non live by itself. Organisms interact among themselves. Hence, wholly organisms, very much(prenominal) as fructifys, animals and tender-hearted beings, as well as the physical purlieu with whom we interact, get up a part of our environment. All these constituents of the environment be mutualist upon each another(prenominal). Thus, they maintain a balance in nature. As we be the exactly organisms try to modify the environment to fulfill our needs it is our righteousness to take necessary steps to realize the environmental derangements. The environmental imbalance gives rise to conf apply environmental problems. Some of the environmental problems atomic spot 18 taint, smut corrosion leading to floods, salt deserts and sea recedes, desertification, filthslides, change of river directions, defunctness of species, and vulnerable ecosystem in place of much ta ngled and stable ecosystems, depletion of mad(a) resources, exorbitance accumulation, disforestation, thinning of oz peerless layer and global soreing.The environmental problems atomic number 18 pictured in terms of defilement, growth in population, development, in remainsrialization, unplanned urbanization etceteratera Rapid migration and increase in population in the urban beas has in addition lead to traffic congestion, pee supply shortages, unattackable float, and gentle wind, urine and flutter defilement be common noticeable problems in al roughly all(a) the urban argonas since last few years. Environmental pollution is defined as the unenviable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of our line of reasoning, land and piss supply. As a yield of everywhere-population, rapid in cleanrializations, and other human activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became thined with diverse pollutants that were released as by- products. Pollutants argon generally class under 2 classes (a) biodegradable pollutants Biodegradable pollutants ar broken crop up by the activity of micro-organisms and enter into the biogeochemical cycles. Examples of such(prenominal) pollutants are municipal untamed products, urine and faucal matter, sewage, agricultural residue, paper, wood and cloth etc.(b) Non- Biodegradable pollutants Non-biodegradable pollutants are stronger chemical bondage, do not die down into simpler and innoxious products. These include versatile insecticides and other pesticides, mercury, lead, arsenic, aluminum, fictiles, radioactive abscond etc. B. miscellany of Environmental pollution Pollution commode be broadly categorize according tothe comp hotshotnts of environment that are polluted. Major of these are Air pollution, pissing pollution, ground pollution (land degradation) and Noise pollution. Details of these types of pollutions are discussed below with their legal communit y measures. (1) Air Pollution Air is mainly a mixture of various muck upes such as oxygen, ampere-second dioxide, nitrogen.These are present in a particular ratio. Whenever there is any imbalance in the ratio of these gases, atmospheric state pollution is ca occasiond. The sources of argumentation pollution usher out be grouped as under (i) Natural such as, forest fires, ash from smoking volcanoes, dust surprise and decay of fundamental matters. (ii) Man-made due to population explosion, deforestation, urbanization and industrializations. Certain activities of human beings release several pollutants in seam, such as carbon copy monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), lead, arsenic, as better(p)os, radioactive matter, and dust. The major threat comes from ardent of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum products.Thermal tycoon dresss, automobiles and industries are major sources of air pollution as well. Due to pass on in atom ic efficiency sector, there has been an increase in radioactivity in the atmosphere. Mining activity adds to air pollution in the establish of particulate matter. Progress in agriculture due to use of fertilizers and pesticides has excessively contributed towards air pollution. Indiscriminate cutting of trees and clearing of forests has led to increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. Global warming is a resultant role of kB mark effect pay backd by increased level of carbon dioxide (CO2). Ozone (O3) depletion has resulted in UV shaft striking our earth.Harmful Effects of air pollution (a) It instills respiratory system of living organisms and stirs bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia etc. Carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from go fomites and cigarette smoke affects the central nervous system. (b) Due to depletion of ozone layer, UV radiation reaches the earth. UV radiation causes skin cancer, damage to eyes and immune system. (c) acrid rain is in any c ase a result of air pollution. This is caused by figurehead of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur in the air. These oxides dissolve in rain water to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid respectively. Various monuments, buildings, and statues are damaged due to corrosion by acid present in the rain. The country also becomes acidic. The cumulative effect is the gradual degradation of shit and a decline in forest and agricultural productivity.(d) The green house gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) trap the heat radiated from earth. This leads to an increase in earths temperature. (e) Some toxic metallic elements and pesticides also cause air pollution. For much intimate Industrial Dust, Air Pollution and Related occupational Diseases (2) pee Pollution pissing is one of the prime necessities of life. With increase make sense of people depend on this resource water has become a scarce commodity. Pollution makes even the limited available water risky for use. Water i s said to be polluted when there is any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms or makes water un fit for use. Sources of water pollution are mainly factories, power plants, coal mines and oil wells situated both close to water source or away from sources. They rout pollutants without delay or indirectly into the water sources like river, lakes, water blows etc.The painful do of water pollution are (a) Human beings become victims of various water borne diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, jaundice, etc. (b) The presence of acids/alkalies in water exterminates the microorganisms, thereby hindering the self-purification litigate in the rivers or water bodies. market-gardening is bear on badly due to pollutedwater. Marine eco-systems are touch adversely. (c) The sewage waste promotes growth of phytoplankton in water bodies causing diminution of fade out oxygen. (d) Poisonous industrial wastes pre sent in water bodies affect the weight population and deprives us of one of our sources of food. It also kills other animals living in fresh water. (e) The quality of underground water is also affected due to toxicity and pollutant content of fall out water. (2.1) Water pollution by industries and its set up A change in the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological quality of water that is injurious to its uses.The term water pollution generally refers to human-induced changes to water quality. Thus, the land of toxic chemicals from industries or the release of human or livestock waste into a nearby water body is considered pollution. The contamination of ground water of water bodies like rivers, lakes, awry(p)lands, estuaries, and oceans can threaten the wellness of humans and aquatic life. Sources of water pollution whitethorn be divided into two categories. (i) Point-source pollution, in which contaminants are carry out from a discrete location. Sewage out falls an d oil spills are examples of point-source pollution. (ii) Non-point-source or diffuse pollution, referring to all of the other discharges that deliver contaminants to water bodies. blistery rain and unconfined runoff from agricultural or urban areas falls under this folk. The principal contaminants of water include toxic chemicals, nutrients, biodegradable totals, and bacteriuml & viral pathogens.Water pollution can affect human wellness when pollutants enter the body either via skin photograph or by dint of the direct consumption of colly drinking water and contaminated food. heyday pollutants, including DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), persist in the pictorial environment and bioaccumulation occurs in the tissues of aquatic organisms. These prolonged and persistent organic pollutants are transferred up the food strand and they can reach levels of concern in fish species that are eaten by humans. Moreover, bacteria and viral pathogens can pose a familiar healt h risk for those who drink contaminated water or eat raw shellfish from polluted water bodies. Contaminants have a in-chief(postnominal) violation on aquatic ecosystems. Enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (principally nitrogen and phosphorus) can result in the growth of algae and other aquatic plants that shade or counteract well outs.If wastewater go foring biodegradable organic matter is fulfill into a spud with inadequatedissolved oxygen, the water downstream of the point of discharge exit become anaerobic and will be turbid and dark. Settleable solids will be deposited on the streambed, and anaerobic decomposition will occur. Over the reach of stream where the dissolved-oxygen engrossment is zero, a zone of putrefaction will occur with the toil of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and other odorous gases. Because some fish species require a minimum of 45 mg of dissolved oxygen per liter of water, they will be unable to survive in this factor of the strea m. Direct exposures to toxic chemicals are also a health concern for individual aquatic plants and animals.Chemicals such as pesticides are much transported to lakes and rivers via runoff, and they can have painful effects on aquatic life. cyanogenic chemicals have been shown to reduce the growth, survival, reproductive output, and disease resistance of exposed organisms. These effects can have important consequences for the viability of aquatic populations and communities. Wastewater discharges are most commonly controlled finished effluent standards and discharge permits.Under this system, discharge permits are issued with limits on the quantity and quality of effluents. Water-quality standards are sets of qualitative and quantitative criteria knowing to maintain or enhance the quality of receiving waters. Criteria can be create and implemented to protect aquatic life against acute and chronic effects and to safeguard humans against deleterious health effects, including canc er. For more refer Water Conservation Need-of-the-day for our very survival (3) Soil pollution (Land degradation) Land pollution is due to (i) Deforestation and(ii) Dumping of solid wastes.Deforestation increases reason eroding thus valuable agricultural land is lost. warm wastes from mansion and industries also pollute land and enhance land degradation. Solid wastes include things from household waste and of industrial wastes. They include ash, glass, peelings of fruit and vegetables, paper, clothes, plastics, rubber, leather, brick, sand, metal, waste from cattle shed, shadow vulgarism and cow dung. Chemicals discharged into air, such as compounds of sulfur and lead, netly come to flat coat and pollute it. The heaps of solid waste destroy the innate beauty and surroundings become dirty. Pigs, dogs, rats, flies, mosquitoes visit thedumped waste and exit smell comes from the waste. The waste may block the flow of water in the drain, which then becomes the breeding pl ace for mosquitoes.Mosquitoes are carriers of parasites of malaria and dengue. Consumption of polluted water causes many diseases, such as cholera, diarrhea and dysentery. For more refer Solid Waste Disposal -A Burning Problem To Be Resolved To present Environment (4) Noise pollution full(prenominal) level racquet is a disturbance to the human environment. Because of urbanization, dissonance in all areas in a city has increased considerably. One of the most pervasive sources of noise in our environment today is those associated with transportation.People reside coterminous to heightsways, are subjected to high level of noise produced by trucks and vehicles pass on the highways. Prolonged exposure to high level of noise is very much noisome to the health of mankind. In industriousness and in mines the main sources of noise pollution are blasting, movement of heavy earth moving machines, drilling, crusher and coal handling plants etc. The critical value for the development o f hearing problems is at 80 decibels. inveterate exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects. Moreover, noise can be a causal factor in oeuvre accidents. C. Fundamentals of prevention and control of air pollutionAs mentioned above, air pollutants can be airlike or particulate matters. Different techniques for commanding these pollutants are discussed below a. Methods of controlling volatilized pollutants 1. Combustion This technique is used when the pollutants are in the form of organic gases or vapors. During flame combustion or catalytic process, these organic pollutants are converted into water vapor and relatively less harmful products, such as CO2. 2. Absorption In this technique, the gaseous effluents are passed through scrubbers or quarterers. These contain a suitable liquid gather inent, which chooses or modifies one or more of the pollutants present in the gaseous effluents. 3. Adsorption The g aseous effluents are passed through porous solid adsorbents kept in suitable containers. The organic and inorganic constituents of the effluent gases are trapped at the user interface of the solid adsorbent by physical adsorbent. b. Methods to control particulate emissions 1. mechanic devices generally work on the basis of the avocation (i) Gravity In this process, the particles settle down by gravitational force. (ii) Sudden change in direction of the gas flow. This causes the particles to separate out due to greater momentum. 2. theoretical account Filters The gases containing dust are passed through a porous medium. These porous media may be woven or filled fabrics. The particles present in the gas are trapped and collected in the filters. The gases freed from the particles are discharged. 3. lactating Scrubbers Wet scrubbers are used in chemical, mining and metallurgical industries to trap SO2, NH3, metal fumes, etc. 4. Electrostatic Precipitators When a gas or an air strea m containing volume-detonation bombs in the form of dust, fumes or mist, is passed surrounded by two electrodes, then, the aerosol particles get precipitated on the electrode. c. Other practices in controlling air pollution -Apart from the above, following practices also help in controlling air pollution.(i) physical exercise of better designed equipment and smokeless fuels, hearths in industries and at home. (ii) Automobiles should be aright maintained and adhere to recent emission-control standards. (iii) More trees should be planted on road side and houses. (iv) Renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar energy, ocean currents, should fulfill energy needs. (v) Tall chimneys should be installed for vertical airing of pollutants. d. General air pollution control devices / equipments for industries The commonly used equipments / process for control of dust in various industries are (a) Mechanical dust collectors in the form of dust cyclones (b) Electrostatic precipitators both dry and wet system (c) particulate scrubbers(d) Water sprayer at dust extension points (e) proper ventilation system and (f) various monitoring devices to know the concentration of dust in general body of air. The common equipments / process used for control of toxic / flue gases are the (a) process of desulphurisation (b) process of denitrification (c) gasoline learn etc. and (d) various monitoring devices to know the efficacy of the systems used. e. Steps, in general, to be taken for reduction of air pollution To change our port in order to reduce AIR POLLUTION at home as well as on the road, few following dwarfish steps taken by us would lead to clean our Environment. At Home1. Avoid using chemical pesticides or fertilizers in your honey oil and garden.Many fertilizers are a source of nitrous oxide, a glasshouse gas that contributes to global warming. Try organic products instead. 2. Compost your yard waste instead of burning it. Outdoor burning is not advisable, a s it pollutes air. respiration this smoke is bad for you, your family and your neighbors. Plus, you can use the convert in your garden. 3. If you use a wood stove or fireplace to heat your home, it would be better to consider switching to another form of heat which does not generate smoke. It is always better to use sweater or warm clothing than using fireplace. 4. Be energy efficient. Most traditional sources of energy burn fossil fuels, causing air pollution.Keep your home well-maintained with weather-stripping, combat windows, and insulation. Lowering your thermostat can also help and for every two degrees Fahrenheit you lower it, you save about two percent on your heating bill. 5. Plant trees and encourage other to plant trees as well. Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and filter out air pollution. During warmer days, trees house cool air, unnecessary use of energy on air conditioning is avoided, hence the air pollution. 6. Try to stop smoking at ho me, at office or at outside. Tobacco smoking not only deteriorates selfs health, it affects others health too.On the Road7. Keep your vehicle well maintained. A poorly maintained engine both creates more air pollution and uses more fuel. Replace oil and air filters regularly, and handgrip your tires by rights inflated. 8. Drive less. Walking, bicycling, riding the bus, or working from home can save you money as well as reducing air pollution. 9. befoolt idle your vehicle. If you stop for more than 30 seconds, still in traffic, turn off your engine. 10. Dont buy more car than you need. Four-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, engine size, vehicle weight, and tire size all affect the amount of fuel your vehicle uses. The more fuel it uses the more air pollution it causes.D. Water pollution prevention and controlWater is a key resource for our quality of life. It also tenders natural habitats and eco-systems for plant and animal species. Access to clean water for drinking and sanitary p urposes is a precondition for human health and well-being. Clean unpolluted water is internal for our ecosystems. Plantsand animals in lakes, rivers and seas react to changes in their environment caused by changes in chemical water quality and physical disturbance of their habitat. Water pollution is a human-induced change in the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological quality of water that is injurious to its existing, intended, or potential uses such as boating, waterskiing, swimming, the consumption of fish, and the health of aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Thus, the discharge of toxic chemicals from a pipe or the release of livestock waste into a nearby water body is considered pollution. The contamination of ground water, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and oceans can threaten the health of humans and aquatic life.Contaminants have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. for example, enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (principally nitrogen and phospho rus) can result in the growth of algae and other aquatic plants that shade or clog streams. Direct exposures to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, is also a health concern for individual aquatic plants and animals. Without healthy water for drinking, cooking, fishing, and farming, the human race would perish. Clean water is also necessary for recreational interests such as swimming, boating, and water skiing. a. Sources of Water Pollution Sources of water pollution are generally divided into two categories.The first is point-source pollution, in which contaminants are discharged from a discrete location. Sewage outfalls and oil spills are examples of point-source pollution. The second category is non-point-source or diffuses pollution, referring to all of the other discharges that deliver contaminants to water bodies. Numerous manufacturing plants move off undiluted corrosives, poisons, and other noxious byproducts to water streams. The wind industry discharges slurries of gypsu m, cement, abrasives, metals, and poisonous solvents. The mining industry also presents persistent water pollution problems. In yet another instance of pollution, hot water discharged by factories and power plants causes so-called thermal pollution by increasing water temperatures. Such increases change the level of oxygen dissolved in a body of water, thereby disrupting the waters ecological balance, violent death off some plant and animal species while support the overgrowth of others.Towns and municipalities are also major sources of water pollution. In many domain water systems, pollution exceeds safe levels. One reason for this is that much groundwater has beencontaminated by wastes pumped underground for disposal or by seepage from surface water. When contamination reaches underground water tables, it is difficult to correct and parcel outs over wide areas. Discharge of un tough or only partially treated sewage into the waterways threatens the health of their own and nei ghboring populations as well. Along with domestic wastes, sewage carries industrial contaminants and a exploitation tonnage of paper and plastic refuse. Although thorough sewage treatment would destroy most disease-causing bacteria, the problem of the spread of viruses and viral illness remains.Additionally, most sewage treatment does not remove phosphorus compounds, contributed principally by detergents. b. Dangers of Water Pollution Virtually all water pollutants are hazardous to humans as well as lesser species sodium is implicated in cardiovascular disease, nitrates in tide rip disorders. Mercury and lead can cause nervous disorders. Some contaminants are carcinogens. DDT is toxic to humans and can alter chromosomes. Along many shores, shellfish can no longer be taken because of contamination by DDT, sewage, or industrial wastes. c. Prevention and Control of Water Pollution Sewage should be treated before it is discharged into the river or ocean. This is manageable through modern techniques. Sewage is first passed through a abrasion mechanism. This is then passed through several settling chambers and neutralized with lime. Up to this stage, the process is called primary treatment. The sewage still contains a large number of pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms, and also sufficient quantity of organic matter.The neutralized effluents are sent to UASB (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket). It is a reactor. In this, the anaerobic bacteria degrade the biodegradable material present in the waste water. This removes foul odor and releases methane, which can be used elsewhere. In this system, the pollution load is reduced upto 85 percent. After this, water is sent to aeration tanks where it is mixed with air and bacteria. Bacteria digest the organic waste material. This is called biological or secondary winding treatment. Even after the treatment, water is not yet fit for drinking. The harmful microorganisms need to be killed. The utmost step (tertiary tre atment) is, therefore, a disinfection process, to remove final traces of organics, bacteria, dissolved inorganic solids, etc. For tertiary treatment, methods, such as chlorination, evaporation, and counterchange absorption may be employed.These depend upon the required qualityof the final treatment. Apart from the above, you should also adopt the following practices (i) Waste food material, paper, decaying vegetables and plastics should not be thrown into open drains. (ii) Effluents from distilleries, and solid wastes containing organic matter should be sent to biogas plants for generation of energy. (iii) Oil slicks should be skimmed off from the surface with suction device. Sawdust may be spread over oil slicks to absorb the oil components. E. Soil erosion and its prevention Soil erosion by water, wind and kitchen-gardening affects both agriculture and the natural environment. Soil loss, and its associated impacts, is one of the most important (yet probably the least well-known) of todays environmental problems. It is mostly due to poor land use practices, which include deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity and road or trail building. Soil is a complex mixture of living and non-living materials.It provides anchorage and sustenance to plants. Natural agents like water and wind, constantly tend to remove the top soil and cause erosion. rainwater falling upon the unprotected top soil, washes it down into the streams. Due to the absence of plant covering, fussd soil cannot hold water. Water rushes into the rivers and overflows as flood. Dust storm also causes soil erosion. The particles of top soil are picked up in such quantities that they form clouds of dust. Human beings also cause soil erosion. The growing human habitation and expansion of urban areas lead to removal of vegetation. once vegetation is take away, the naked soil gets exposed to wind and water. Improper tillage is another cause of soil erosion. Farmers often loosen th e top soil for removing weeds and preparing seed beds.They also word of farewell agricultural fields finesse fallow for long time. These practices expose the top soil to the wind and cause erosion. Soil erosion is always a result of mankinds unwise actions, such as overgrazing or unsuitable cultivation practices. These leave the land unprotected and vulnerable. Accelerated soil erosion by water or wind may affect both agricultural areas and the natural environment, and is one of the most widespread of todays environmental problems. Soil erosion is just one form of soil degradation. Other kinds of soil degradation include salinisation, nutrient loss, and compaction.Prevention of soil erosion Plants provide protective cover on the land and prevent soil erosion for the reasons (a) plants obtuse down water as it flows over the land (runoff) and this allowsmuch of the rain to soak into the ground (b) plant roots hold the soil in position and prevent it from being washed away (c) plan ts break the impact of a raindrop before it hits the soil, thus reducing its ability to erode (d) plants in wetlands and on the banks of rivers are of particular importance as they slow down the flow of the water and their roots bind the soil, thus preventing erosion. Preventing soil erosion requires technical changes to adopt. Aspects of technical changes include (i) use of contour travel and wind breaks(ii) leaving unploughed grass strips between ploughed land(iii) making sure that there are always plants growing on the soil, and that the soil is rich in humus (decaying plant and animal remains). This organic matter is the glue that binds the soil particles together and plays an important part in preventing erosion (iv) avoiding overgrazing and the over-use of crop lands(v) allowing indigenous plants to grow along the river banks instead of locomote and planting crops right up to the waters edge (vi) encouraging biological diversity by planting several different types of plants together (vii) conservation of wetlands.We can check soil erosion by adopting the following additional practices1. Intensive cropping and use of proper drainage canals.2. Terracing on the incline fields. This retards the speed of the flowing water.3. Planting trees and sowing grasses.4. Extensive aforestation practices to be carried out. For more refer Soil Erosion Combating is Essential F. Mitigation of Noise pollution simplification noise pollution by muffling the sounds at the source is one of the best methods in industry and for urban living. Protective equipment is generally mandatory when noise levels exceed 85 dB(A) in industry. Creation of green cover adjacent to municipal roads and in mines is the way to mitigate noise pollution. It has been notice that noise level reduces by 10 decibels per every 10m wide green belt development. Apart, redesigning industrial equipment, shock mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace are also for reduction andexposure of unwanted industrial noise. High way noise pollution can be mitigated by constructing noise barriers. Artificial noise barriers are solid obstructions built between the highway and the residential areas along a highway.They block major portion of noise produced by passing vehicles on a highway. Effective noise barriers typically reduce noise levels by as much as half or more. The construction of noise barrier may be built in the form of earth mounds, vertical wall along the highways for creation of blockage of sound generated by heavy vehicles. Creation of greenbelt in the space between the residences and highways also reduces the noise nuisance. G. Conservation and security measure of environment By now, all of us have realized how important it is to protect the environment for our own survival.The term conservation of environment relates to activities which can provide individual or commercial benefits, but at the alike time, prevent excessive use leading to environmental damag e. Conservation may be distinguished from preservation, which is considered to be maintaining of nature as it is, or mightiness have been before the intervention of either human beings or natural forces. We know that natural resources are getting depleted and environmental problems are increasing. It is, therefore, necessary to conserve and protect our environment. Following practices help in defend our environment.1. Rotation of crops.2. Judicious use of fertilisers, intensive cropping, proper drainage and irrigation. 3. discussion of sewage, so that it does not pollute the rivers and other water bodies. 4. Composting organic solid waste for use as manure.5. Planting trees in place of those removed for various purposes. 6. National parks and conservation forests should be established by the government. 7. Harvesting of rain water.Some action points to protect or change the environment (i) Dispose the waste after separating them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste mat erial. (ii) subtract a compost heap or use a compost bin. This can be used to recycle waste food and other biodegradable materials. (iii) Avoid unnecessary or wasteful packaging of products.(iv) recycle carry bags.(v) Plant trees. They will help to absorb excess carbon dioxide. (vi) Observe World Environment Day on 5th June.(vii) neer put any left over chemicals, used oils down the drain, flowerpot or dump them on the ground or in water or burn them in the garden. If you do so, it will cause pollution. (viii) Dont burn any waste, especially plastics, for the smoke may contain polluting gases. (ix) Use unleaded petrol and alternate sources of energy, and keep the engine properly tuned and serviced and the tyres inflated to the right pressure, so that vehicle runs efficiently. (x) Avoid fast starts and choppy braking of automobiles.(xi) Walk or cycle where it is safe to do so go is free cycling can help to keep you fit. (xii) Use public transport wherever you can, or form a car pussy for everyday travel. (xiii) Send your waste oil, old batteries and used tyres to a service department for recycling or safe disposal all these can cause serious pollution.References1. http//environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/fundamentals-of-our-environment-and.html 2. http//environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/soil-erosion-and-its-prevention.html 3. http//environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/water-pollution-its-prevention-and.html 4. http//environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/fundamentals-of-prevention-and-control.html 5. http//environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/conservation-and-protection-of.html 6. http//environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/02/noise-barriers-are-to-mitigate-highway.html 7. http//knol.google.com/k/partha-das-sharma/fundamentals-of-our-environment/oml631csgjs7/18 8. http//www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2006/07/NL0607029I.htm 9. http//environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/water-pollution-by-industries-and-its.html